Introduction: In individuals with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency (ACLD), defective sensory and motor neuroplasticity occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) due to defects in sensory afferents. To successfully restore ACLD individuals to pre-injury conditions, it is necessary to modify the neuroplasticity created in the CNS by prescribing more appropriate training. For this aim, in this study, we used perturbation training differently. Materials and Methods: Thirty athletes with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture were randomly assigned to the perturbation and standard training groups. The training program of two groups was performed in three intermittent sessions per week for one month. The relative power spectrum of alpha of quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was measured in three tasks: (1) the single-leg jump-landing, (2) the single-leg stance with opened eyes, and (3) the single-leg stance with closed eyes. Results: The perturbation training group only showed significant symmetry in the relative power spectrum of alpha between the two limbs in the single-leg jump-landing test (P=0.92, ES=0.04) in comparison pre-post test. Also, this group showed high symmetry in the alpha band in the single-leg stance test with closed eyes (P=0.53, ES=0.16). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that both mechanical perturbation and standard training are suitable for transporting ACLDs back to sports. It also seems that mechanical perturbation training had higher effectiveness in modifying the CNS alpha power.
Background and Purpose: The beliefs are that sudden and unpredictable balance disturbance by instruments that cause mechanical perturbations can affect individuals with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency (ACLD) to reach faster and more effective recovery of knee dynamic stabilization strategies to return successfully pre-injury levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanical perturbation training and standard training in the process of changes in motor control during walking task in coper ACLD individuals. Methods: Thirty athletes with a unilateral rupture of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), classified as coper, were randomly assigned to perturbation and standard training groups. Intervention training results based on comparison of scores obtained from functional tests in 4 single-leg jump tests, scores of questioners, and surface Electromyography (sEMG) tests were determined between the two groups as well as between the two healthy and ACLD limbs in each group in the walking task. Results: The perturbation training group showed a significant increase in muscle activity in both healthy and ACLD limbs with an increase in similarity index (SI) (p=0.08, ES=0.81), while in the standard training group the results were not significant (p=0.39, ES=0.39). Conclusion: Individuals in the perturbation training group achieved higher scores on all tests compared to the standard training group. This means that the perturbation training group was more mentally and physically prepared in terms of strength, coordination and symmetry between the two limbs to participate in pre-injury sports levels.
Introduction: Studies have repeatedly discussed the importance of training with sufficient cognitive and sensory-motor challenges in successfully transferring Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiencies (ACLDs) from rehabilitation centers to sports facilities. For this purpose, this study investigated the effect of mechanical perturbation training and standard training on the brain and muscle activity of these individuals while jumping on one leg. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 athletes with unilateral Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) rupture (in the coper classification) were randomly assigned to perturbation and standard training groups. To compare the effect of two types of intervention training methods, we examined the Similarity Index (SI) and Voluntary Response Index (VRI) in surface Electromyography (sEMG) tests of eight muscles in the lower extremities and relative power of alpha and beta spectra in Quantitative Electroencephalographic (QEEG) tests between two groups and between two limbs of each group members in the single-leg jump task. Results: Both training groups showed improved neuromuscular control and increased SI on sEMG tests between the two limbs. However, this improvement in the perturbation training group showed an excellent increase in Effect Size (ES) (intra-group comparison values of SI for perturbation training group P=0.0001, ES=3.6; and P=0.008, ES=1.24 in the standard training group; and P=0.04, ES=0.87 in the inter-group comparison). Regarding the post-test of QEEG tests, no significant difference was found between the two groups (alpha P-value: 0.13, beta P-value: 0.07). However, in the intra-group comparison, the perturbation training group achieved excellent symmetry for the relative power spectrum of alpha and beta signals (the similarity values between the two limbs in the perturbation training group for alpha were P=0.92, ES=0.04 and for beta were P=0.92, ES=0.02; and these values for standard training group for alpha were P=0.07, ES=0.86 and for beta as P=0.08, ES=0.87). Conclusion: The present study results showed that mechanical perturbation and standard training are suitable for transporting ACLDs to sports environments. Furthermore, in comparing these two training methods, mechanical perturbation training in the manner used in this study has higher adequacy to eliminate motor control and central nervous system defects.
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