Background: Pakistan has witnessed a rise in the migration of professionals from the country in the last few years eventually leading to a brain drain. It is believed that the pharmacy students of Pakistan are ingrained with migration tendency. This study aimed to find out the factors influencing the trend, country of choice and reasons for migration. The study also looked into hurdles anticipated by the students during and after migration. Methods: A cross sectional study of 5 month duration was conducted in 3 cities of Pakistan targeting pharmacy students with a survey questionnaire. A total of 539 responses were gathered and analyzed in SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics, cross tabs and chi square test were used. Results: The prevelance of emigration was found to be 94.06% (91.72% -95.90% for 95% CI). The mean value of level of urgency was reported at 6.42/10 (SD 2.49). Lack of infrastructure for pharmacists and security issues in the country were major push factors for Pakistan (41.4%). Tough pharmacy license exam was reported as a major push factor for developed countries (21%). Family ties (46.2%) and desire to serve the country (33.6%) were major pull factors of Pakistan. More employment opportunities (24.7%) and lucrative salary (17.8%) were major pull factors for developed countries. USA was chosen as the most favored country for migration (24.9%) followed by Canada (21.9%). Conclusion: The pharmacy students appeared more poised to emigrate from Pakistan with high urgency. This idea was supported by pull factors of developed countries and push factors of Pakistan however, pull factors of Pakistan appeared promising in reducing the level of brain drain but it was unclear as to what extent this could overcome migration tendency.
Beyond the pharmacological activity, the differences have been observed in the preferences of solid dosage form on the basis of color and swallowing difficulty in the studies conducted by a different researcher. The aim of the study is to insight the perception of the general population of Karachi about the color, scoring and splitting of tablets. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data. Knowledge, attitude and practices of the participants regarding oral solid dosage form have been evaluated through a structured close-ended questionnaire. The color perception was pursued by asking questions to the participants about the association of color with effectiveness, identification, safety and onset of action. The scoring perception was also inquired focusing on the association of scoring on the convenience of splitting, their effect on the dose, type of tablet subjected to splitting and further consequences of splitting. Among 426 respondents, 248 participants were not aware of the type of medicine subjected to be splitting. Approximately half of the respondents (N=221) agreed with the point of view that ease of swallowing is one of the reasons for pill-splitting. The study provided preliminary data about color perception, scoring and splitting of tablet dosage form that can be beneficial for future research.
Diuretics are efficaciously used in management of various clinical emergencies like hypertension, heart failure, cirrhosis, hypercalciuria, hematuria and nephrotic syndrome. Cymbopogon jwarancusa is an aromatic perennial grass used in both traditional and Unani system of medicine to eradicate diseases like colds, seasonal fever, asthma, tuberculosis, rheumatic pain, back pain, toothache and nervous disorders. C. jwarancusa essential oils are used in perfumery, soap, detergents, medicines and pharmaceutical industry. Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes constitute the highest composition in essential oil of C. jwarancusa. The present was designed to compare the diuretic activity of C. jwarancusa after single and multi-doses. Furosemide (20 mg/kg) was used as reference drug and 10% DMSO was used as vehicle. Diuretic activity was noticed by measuring urine volume and calculating diuretic and Lipchitz values. Maximum diuretic response was observed at 500 mg/kg of extract after both single and multi-dose administration. On basis of results it may be concluded that C. jwarancusa may be used as diuretic agent.
Background: Fungal infections are one of the most prevailing worldwide public health issues. Despite the commercially available antifungal drugs, side effects associated with these agents and resistance may lead to the development of antifungal drugs by using advanced technology. Main body of the abstract: In the current era, nanotechnology is one of the most predominant techniques with massive advantages in the field of medicines and medical sciences. In the last two decades, various nanostructures were developed based on metals, plants, and microorganisms. The aim of the review is to discuss all original researches and to review articles of the last two decades, including earlier and recent development in different types of nanostructures as an antifungal therapy. Published papers in the English language were searched and reviewed from the online databases from January 2007 till May 2021. The search engines included were PubMed, Google, Google scholar, and Sciencedirect. In all the databases, the keywords “fungi”, “antifungal”, “nanomaterials”, “nanostructures” and “nanotechnology” were used for literature search. Short conclusion: The innovative nanostructures are vital for the treatment of different strains of fungal infections i.e. from minor nail infections to major systemic fungal infections. Additionally, nanostructures also enhance the efficacy, solubility, penetration, and drug release to the targeted site of conventional antifungal agents.
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