Diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli in calves is an important problem in terms of survivability, productivity and treatment costs. In this study, 88 of 150 diarrheic animals tested positive for E. coli. Of these, 54 samples had mixed infection with other bacterial and/or parasitic agents. There are several diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC). Molecular detection of virulence factors Stx2,

Buparvaquone is now the principle medicinal drug utilized against tropical theileriosis. The current study was conducted to determine the potential association between the resistance against buparvaquone and the occurrence of mutations in the Cytochrome b (Cyto b) gene of Theileria annulata (T. annulata) in cattle under Egyptian conditions. We sequenced the Cyto b gene of T. annulata of 6 blood samples collected from 1 responding and 5 non-responding cattle to buparvaquone treatment. The analysis revealed that two mutations occurred in codons 253 and 262 within the quinol oxidation (Qo2) drug-binding site of the five resistant isolates. Two mutations in the Qo1 site were found together in the buparvaquone sensitive isolate only. Our findings suggest that the failure of buparvaquone therapy could be attributed to the presence of single or double point mutations at the Qo2 site of T. annulata Cyto b gene.

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Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) that affects sheep and goats, leading to abscess formation in their lymph nodes. The present study aimed to isolate and identify C. pseudotuberculosis from CLA in smallholder sheep and goats, and determine the resistance patterns, virulence, and resistance genes of the isolates. Additionally, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis of the isolates was conducted using ERIC-PCR and DNA sequencing techniques. A cross-sectional study examined 220 animals (130 sheep and 90 goats) from 39 smallholder flocks for clinical signs of CLA. Fifty-four (24.54%) animals showed CLA-compatible lesions, confirmed by C. pseudotuberculosis isolation and PCR identification. Sheep had a lower infection rate of CLA (18.46%) compared with goats (33.3%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 54 C. pseudotuberculosis isolates to 24 antimicrobial drugs revealed that they were 100% resistant to bacitracin and florfenicol, while none of the isolates were resistant to norfloxacin. A high resistance rate was observed for penicillin and erythromycin (92.6% each). Interestingly, 16.7% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates recovered from sheep showed vancomycin resistance. Molecular characterization of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates revealed that PLD, PIP, and FagA virulence genes were present in all examined isolates. However, the FagB, FagC, and FagD genes were detected in 24 (100%), 20 (83%), and 18 (75%) of the sheep isolates, and 26 (87%), 26 (87%), and 18 (60%) of the goat isolates, respectively. The β-lactam resistance gene was present in all isolates. Furthermore, 83% of the sheep isolates carried the aminoglycoside (aph(3″)-lb), chloramphenicol (cat1), and bacitracin (bcrA) resistance genes. Among the isolates recovered from goats, 73% were found to contain macrolides (ermX), sulfonamide (sul1), and bacitracin (bcrA) resistance genes. It is worrisome that the glycopeptide (vanA) resistance gene was detected in 8% of the sheep isolates as a first report. ERIC-PCR genotyping of 10 multi-drug-resistant C. pseudotuberculosis isolates showed a high similarity index of 83.6% between isolates from sheep and goats. Nucleotide sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA sequences of C. pseudotuberculosis revealed 98.83% similarity with biovar Ovis of globally available reference sequences on the Genbank database. Overall, our findings might indicate that C. pseudotuberculosis infection in smallholders in Egypt might be underestimated despite the significant financial impact on animal husbandry and potential health hazards it poses. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of implementing a sustainable control strategy and increasing knowledge and awareness among smallholder breeders to mitigate the economic impact of CLA.

Bovine theileriosis listed one of the tick-borne diseases of crucial concern worldwide.. The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence of tropical theileriosis in a farm of cattle demonstrating acute manifestations by Giemsa stained blood smears and Tams1gene based polymerase chain reaction (Tams-1 PCR). Moreover, to follow up the treatment with buparvaquone and long-acting oxytetracycline on the clinical, parasitological and hematological profile of infected cattle. Blood samples were collected from cattle (n=25) suspecting Theileria annulata (T. annulata) infection and healthy ones (n = 10; clinically and parasitologically free) in Sharkia Governorate Egypt, during July-August 2019. Fever (40-41°C), superficial lymph nodes enlargement, corneal opacity, and cases of non-specific abortion were the most manifestations recognized. The microscopic examination of blood smears (n=25) showed intracellular signet ring piroplasms which, confirmed using Tams1gene based PCR that identified Theileria parasites as T. annulata. Haemogram revealed normocytic normochromic anemia, meanwhile, the total leukocyte count (TLC) and lymphocytes significantly increased (P ≤0. 05) compared to the control ones using T-test. The cure rate in all treated cattle was (88%; 22 / 25) two weeks after the treatment. A rapid decrease in parasitemia in adults and young cattle to 0.5%, and 7%, respectively one week after treatment, and a significant increase in hematocrit percent and erythrocyte count, as well as macrocytic hypochromic anemia, was recorded two weeks from the beginning of the therapy. In conclusion, the response of Infection with T. annulata plays a vital role in occurrence of anemia and in changing blood parameters. Buparvaquone and oxytetracycline are indicated in the treatment of acute theileriosis together with iron supplements.