New lamprey-friendly fishways feature inclined ramps that facilitate passage of Pacific lampreys ( Lampetra tridentata (Richardson, 1836)) over Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, USA. We observed the lampreys moving against water at two flow volumes and on two ramps of 45° and 18° angles relative to horizontal. We documented climbing movements using high-speed video (125 frames/s). Lampreys advanced on the ramps by repeated cycles of attaching to the ramps by their sucker mouths (resting phase), bending their bodies into a W shape (stage II), and then, rapidly straightening the body to propel themselves up the ramp, with simultaneous brief (20–140 ms) release of suction (stage III). We inferred that lampreys were using burst swimming to propel themselves up the ramp, because we observed inflection points in the body curvature traveling toward the posterior of the body and the center of mass moving up, during stage III. This climbing behavior is not described for any other fish species. Vertical motion, relative to the ground, during each cycle of movement was greatest in the 45° ramp – low water flow volume treatment (mean of 0.07 L/cycle), but the movement upstream along the ramp plane was greatest on the 18° ramp, regardless of flow volume. These findings can be used to develop ramp designs that maximize lamprey climbing performance.
This thesis would not have been possible without the unconditional guidance, support and understanding from nothing short of a plethora of amazing people. First and foremost I would like to thank those in Michigan who donated their time, patience and knowledge and in doing so helped me successfully embark on my career as a fisheries scientist. Greg Kennedy, Jaquie Craig and Beth Stockdale showed me what it means to truly love your work. We were able to find something to laugh at every day (mostly ourselves) and I can't thank them enough for the continued support and camaraderie. Glenn Walker went above and beyond, helping me navigate the world of academia, temporarily inspiring me to love the field of cellular and molecular biology, and providing a great lunchtime listening ear. Laura Eidietis was instrumental in kick-starting my career during my undergraduate years at Eastern Michigan University. Her endless kindness and patience in teaching me how to make posters, network at conferences and edit manuscripts are skills I will use for the rest of my time as a professional scientist. She never preached, but fully understood the value in learning and always took advantage when a teaching moment presented itself. Ulrich Reinhardt showed me the value of professional collaboration as well as provided guidance in constructing a repertoire of coursework that would send me off to graduate school well prepared. And although in Seattle, Mary Moser showed me how to think outside the box, both literally and figuratively and I thank her for opening my mind to a different way of looking at things. My graduate committee has been the most important and influential component of my career at NC State, and I sincerely thank them for everything. Though from a distance, Fred iv Scharf and Ken Pollock provided an incredible amount of knowledge, without which this thesis would not be of the caliber it is. I especially thank my co-advisors, Joe Hightower and Jeff Buckel. Both have been endlessly patient, understanding and supportive throughout the past two and a half years, and I feel very fortunate to have been under their advice. I am very proud to have earned both their professional and personal respect.
A recent shift in desires among working professionals from traditional learning environments to distance education has emerged due to reductions in travel and training budgets. To accommodate this, the Natural Areas Training Academy replaced traditionally formatted workshops with a hybrid approach. Surveys of participants before and after this change indicate that a traditional in-person format was preferred in the past, but a hybrid format is preferred now. Respondents indicated the new format is more effective at providing highly desired benefits than the traditional face-to-face approach. These findings have implications for many Extension programs targeting working professionals across large geographic areas.
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