Depression and college stress, major concerns among undergraduates, are potentially related to self-esteem and mattering. This study investigated the interrelationships among these four variables. Participants included college students (199 males and 256 females) between the ages of 18 and 23. Significant sex differences were found with women reporting greater depression, college stress, and mattering. Sex, self-esteem, and mattering accounted for 13.8% and 39.4% of the variance in stress and depression, respectively. Accounting for 49.1% of the variance, the full model including sex, self-esteem, and mattering enhanced the ability of stress to predict depression. All of the study hypotheses were supported.
Understanding athletes' attitudes to doping continues to be of interest for its potential to contribute to an international anti-doping system. However, little is known about the relationship between elite athletes' attitudes to drug use and potential explanatory factors, including achievement goals and the motivational climate. In addition, despite specific World Anti-Doping Agency Code relating to team sport athletes, little is known about whether sport type (team or individual) is a risk or protective factor in relation to doping. Elite athletes from Scotland (N=177) completed a survey examining attitudes to performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, achievement goal orientations and perceived motivational climate. Athletes were generally against doping for performance enhancement. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that task and ego goals and mastery motivational climate were predictors of attitudes to PED use (F (4, 171)=15.81, P<.01). Compared with individual athletes, team athletes were significantly lower in attitude to PED use and ego orientation scores and significantly higher in perceptions of a mastery motivational climate (Wilks' lambda=.76, F=10.89 (5, 170), P<.01). The study provides insight into how individual and situational factors may act as protective and risk factors in doping in sport
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