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When a participant and another person are both presented with a stimulus, five recent event-related potential (ERP) studies show that the participant may also consider the perspective this other person may have about the stimulus. Indeed, these studies reveal additional N400 activities in participants who are with such a person. Interestingly, the two most recent ones show that this is the case even when task instructions do not explicitly require a focus on the perspective of this other person. Moreover, they reveal that these social N400 increases can occur even if participants know that this person is having the same information as they have. However, in all these studies, participants could see this other person. Here, we looked at whether this sight is important or whether these social-induced N400 increases could be observed when participants know this other person is there but do not see him/her as (s)he is placed a bit behind them. They had to decide whether the word ending short stories was coherent, incoherent or equivocal. In participants who were with the confederate (n = 50), the amplitudes of the N400s elicited by these endings were found to be like those of the participants who were alone (n=51). On the other hand, in both groups, equivocal endings did not elicit larger N400s than coherent endings but triggered larger late posterior positivities (LPPs), as in previous studies. The discussion focuses on the circumstances in which perspective taking occurs and on the functional significance of the N400 and the LPP.

When participants (Pps) are presented with stimuli in the presence of another person, they may consider that person’s perspective. Indeed, five recent ERP studies show that the amplitudes of their N400s are increased. The two most recent ones reveal that these social-N400 increases occur even when instructions do not require a focus on the other's perspective. These increases also happen when Pps know that this other person has the same stimulus information as they have. However, in all these works, Pps could see the other person. Here, we tested whether the interaction occurring with this sight is important or whether these social N400 increases also occur when the other person is seated a bit behind Pps, who are aware of it. All had to decide whether the word ending short stories was coherent, incoherent, or equivocal. No social N400 increase was observed: N400s elicited by those words in Pps who were with a confederate (n = 50) were similar to those of Pps who were alone (n = 51). On the other hand, equivocal endings did not elicit larger N400s than coherent ones but triggered larger late posterior positivities (LPPs), like in previous studies. The discussion focuses on the circumstances in which perspective-taking occurs and on the functional significance of the N400 and the LPP.

de l'ironie et schizophrénie : activation et mise à jour de la représentation des états mentaux en fonction du contexte.

The way the social protection system in France is organized frequently leads to coordination difficulties between the social and healthcare sectors. A health and social program has been implemented in a French medical-psychological center to optimize the coherence of the pathway for people living with schizophrenia. This study evaluated the way users and professionals perceive this program so as to assess the relevance of double case management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with users (N = 21) and professionals (N = 11) of this program and then analyzed with Alceste software. The results highlight the overall satisfaction of the participants with the program, and the double case management was shown to be beneficial in supporting people living with schizophrenia in their life project. These results indicate that this program enabled the emergence of a collective empowerment, which could assist with the recovery process of schizophrenia.