Computer-based training simulators have been used extensively, most notably in flight simulation. Over the past 20 years, surgical simulators have been developed, initially for training of minimally invasive surgery and more recently for open surgical simulation. The key effort in today's surgical simulation field is to develop metrics to evaluate how well the skills learned in a simulator translate to improvement in real surgical skills, execution of procedures, and team cooperation in the operating room. The American College of Surgeons has begun implementing a phased approach to introduce simulation in training and education for general surgery. The authors believe that a similar training plan should be mandated for plastic surgery, to take advantage of the use of computers, virtual reality, and simulation in the training of plastic surgery residents and to explore the value of this technology for continuing medical education and maintenance of certification. This article gives a brief background and history of surgical simulation and its technology, followed by a detailed description of the three phases of the American College of Surgeons' plan and how the authors propose that each phase be implemented, with modifications as applicable for trainees in plastic surgery.
E-book has become a convenient all-purpose term to describe a variety of reading experiences and methods for packaging and distributing digital content. An electronic book or an e-book is simply the content of a written manuscript converted into a format that can be read electronically, in the same way that a word-processing document is read. The term can also refer to the hardware device that is used to read an electronic book. (http://skyways.lib.ks.us/central/ebooks/ technology.html) E-books can take many forms. Primarily, they are electronic versions of documents already in print form, but recently texts which exist solely as e-books have been put on the market. E-books have been around for at least three decades. One of the earliest efforts, Project Gutenberg, at the University of Illinois (http://www.gutenberg.net/history.html), offered the contents of book titles in the public domain, keyed into electronic format and made available for free on the Internet. For many years, commercial publishers were not interested in electronic publishing and very little was available in this format with the exception of encyclopedias on CD-ROM which became popular but required a computer and a CD-ROM player to use.Publishers became more interested in publishing books in electronic format as computing power, storage technology, and telecommunication speed improved and they watched the successful introduction of electronic journals. However, it was not until the 1990s that commercial publishers began working with vendors of hardware to offer a variety of electronic reading choices (Ardito, 2000). Three basic hardware options for reading e-books have developed:(1) a hand-held device dedicated to reading e-books; (2) a personal digital assistant (PDA) that also can be used for other purposes; (3) a desktop or laptop computer (Roush, 2001).E-books have several advantages over traditional paper books, however, and forward-looking librarians should be considering their place in the collection:. E-books can be stored and transmitted at very little cost compared to the cost of all the processes that go into producing paper copies.
Mentoring has become a valuable tool that all professions are using to develop leaders and enhance leadership skills. Ideally, mentoring can be a caring, sharing and helping relationship that enriches the lives of both of the people involved. While I have known about mentoring for many years, I just learned the history of the word from reading the book Mentoring by Wickman and Sjodin (1997).When Odysseus, the king of Ithaca in ancient Greece, went off to fight in the Trojan War, legend has it that he left behind his trusted friend, Mentor, to look after his son. The young boy named Telemachus was without a father for more than ten years, while Odysseus first fought the Trojans then wandered for on a journey recounted by the poet Homer in his epic tale, The Odyssey. The word``mentor'' meaning a wise and trusted teacher or counselor has been with us ever since.
PurposeTo outline the different learning and working styles between generations in our current digital environment.Design/methodology/approachConnects common theories of popular author and library industry study. These are presented alongside personal views on the current trends.FindingsAs native speakers of digital language, young people think and process information in an entirely different way from previous generations. Experts suggest that they may have remapped their brains.Originality/valueThe article stresses the importance of gaining a better understanding of the learning styles and tastes of young people. Libraries should consider tapping into this resource for future development, since these people are the future support base for libraries.
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