Three questions stimulated by Erik Erikson's theory of generativity were addressed: 1) Is generativity associated with greater subjective well-being? 2) Are agency and communion additive or interactive predictors of generativity? 3) Does generativity play a distinct role during the midlife period? Among ninety-eight midlife adults, generativity was positively related to positive affectivity, satisfaction with life, and work satisfaction. Generativity was independently predicted by agentic (masculine) and communal (feminine) traits. Among fifty-eight young adults, generativity predicted positive affect at home. Generativity was independently predicted by agentic (power) and communal (love) interpersonal orientations. Using event-contingent recording of agentic and communal behavior at work, agency was a stronger predictor of generativity for young adult men, and communion was a stronger predictor for young adult women. The studies demonstrate that generativity has similar relations to agency and communion in young and midlife adults; however, generativity may be a stronger predictor of subjective well-being in midlife adults.
Background Previous work examining college drinking tendencies has identified a disproportionately small (20%), but uniquely high-risk group of students who experience nearly 50% of the reported alcohol-related consequences (i.e., the multiple repeated consequences, or MRC, group). With the goal of reducing drinking-related consequences later in college, the current study sought to identify potential MRC group members in their first semester by examining: 1) early-risk subgroups based on analysis of early-risk screening constructs (e.g., age of drinking onset, middle school alcohol exposure, high school drinking and consequences); and 2) their association with MRC criteria early in the first semester of college. Methods A random sample of 2021 first year college student drinkers (56% female) completed a web-based drinking survey in their first semester on campus. Results Latent class analysis (LCA) revealed four early-risk subgroups: 1) an Early Onset Risk group who endorsed early age of drinking onset and engaged in heavy middle and high school drinking (10%); 2) a Late Onset Risk group who engaged in weekend drinking and drunkenness and experienced six or more unique consequences as seniors in high school (32%); 3) an Early Onset Limited Risk group who only endorsed early age of onset and middle school drinking (3%); and 4) a Minimal Risk group who did not engage in any early risk behaviors (55%). Members of both the Early and Late Onset Risk groups had significantly higher odds of MRC membership in their first semester of college (9.85 and 6.79 greater, respectively). Conclusions Results suggest age of onset, middle and high school drinking and drunkenness, and frequency of unique consequences could be particularly useful in brief screening tools. Further, findings support early screening and prevention efforts for MRC membership prior to college matriculation.
IMPORTANCE Despite receiving dermatologic care, many patients with or without a history of skin cancer either do not use sun protection or fail to use it in an effective manner. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of a brief dermatologist-delivered intervention vs usual care with patient satisfaction and sun protection behavior. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A longitudinal controlled cohort study among adults receiving dermatology care was conducted from April 25 to November 6, 2017, at 2 dermatologic clinic sites within a Northeastern health care system to compare outcomes associated with the intervention with that of usual care on 1-and 3-month patient outcomes. The sample consisted primarily of non-Hispanic white patients aged 21 to 65 years. Participants were assigned to the intervention group (n = 77) or the control group (n = 82) based on the site location of their dermatologists. INTERVENTIONS The intervention (<3 minutes) was delivered by dermatologists during a skin examination or the suturing phase of skin cancer surgery. The intervention consisted of 6 components targeting sun risk and protective behaviors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES First, patient's satisfaction with the dermatologist's communication was assessed. Second, the association of the intervention with changing sun protection behavior of the patient was examined. RESULTS Patients in the intervention group (46 women and 31 men; mean [SD] age, 52.4 [9.6] years) rated dermatologist-patient communication more positive compared with patients in the control group (59 women and 23 men; mean [SD] age, 51.4 [11.3 years]). Eighteen percent (14 of 77) of patients in the intervention group reported 1 or more sunburns 1 month after the intervention compared with 35% (29 of 82) of patients in the control group (P = .01). No differences in report of sunburns were seen at the 3-month follow-up. Patients in the intervention group reported increased use of sunscreen across 3 months (face: intervention, increased 12% and controls, decreased 4%; P = .001; body: intervention, increased 12% and controls, decreased 1%; P = .02; reapplication: intervention, increased 15% and controls, remained stable; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The intervention was delivered by dermatologists after minimal standardized training and resulted in a higher level of satisfaction with dermatologist-patient communication and improved sun protection behavior among patients across several months.
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