A plant’s response to osmotic stress is a complex phenomenon that causes many abnormal symptoms due to limitations in growth and development or even the loss of yield. The current research aimed to analyze the agronomical, physiological, and biochemical mechanisms accompanying the acquisition of salt resistance in the Vigna radiata L. variety ‘Ramzan’ using seed osmo- and thermopriming in the presence of PEG-4000 and 4 °C under induced salinity stresses of 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Seeds were collected from CCRI, Nowshera, and sowing was undertaken in triplicate at the Department of Botany, Peshawar University, during the 2018–2019 growing season. Rhizospheric soil pH (6.0), E.C (2.41 ds/m), field capacity, and moisture content level were estimated in the present study. We observed from the estimated results that the agronomic characteristics, i.e., shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight in T9 (4oC + 150 mM NaCl), root fresh weight and root dry weight in T4 (PEG + 100 mM NaCl), shoot moisture content in T5 (PEG + 100 mM NaCl), and root moisture content in T6 (PEG + 150 mM NaCl) were the highest, followed by the lowest in T1 (both shoot and root fresh weights) and T2 (shoot and root dry weights). Similarly, the shoot moisture content was the maximum in T5 and the minimum in T6, and root moisture was the highest in T6. We observed from the estimated results that agronomical parameters including dry masses (T4, T6, T4), leaf area index, germination index, leaf area, total biomass, seed vigor index under treatment T9, and relative water content and water use efficiency during T5 and T6 were the highest. Plant physiological traits such as proline, SOD enhanced by T1, carotenoids in treatment T2, and chlorophyll and protein levels were the highest under treatment T4, whereas sugar and POD were highest under treatments T7 and T8. The principal component analysis enclosed 63.75% of the total variation among all biological components. These estimated results confirmed the positive resistance by Vigna radiata during osmopriming (PEG) and thermopriming (4 °C) on most of the features with great tolerance under a low-saline treatment such as T4 (PEG), T5 (PEG + 100 mM NaCl), T7 (4 °C), and T8 (4 °C + 100 mM NaCl), while it was susceptible in the case of T6 (PEG + 150 mM NaCl) and T9 (4 °C + 150 mM NaCl) to high salt application. We found that the constraining impact of several priming techniques improved low salinity, which was regarded as economically inexpensive and initiated numerous metabolic processes in plants, hence decreasing germination time. The current study will have major applications for combatting the salinity problem induced by climate change in Pakistan.
The threat of varying global climates has greatly driven the attention of scientists, as climate change increases the odds of worsening drought in many parts of Pakistan and the world in the decades ahead. Keeping in view the forthcoming climate change, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of varying levels of induced drought stress on the physiological mechanism of drought resistance in selected maize cultivars. The sandy loam rhizospheric soil with moisture content 0.43–0.5 g g–1, organic matter (OM) 0.43–0.55 g/kg, N 0.022–0.027 g/kg, P 0.028–0.058 g/kg, and K 0.017–0.042 g/kg was used in the present experiment. The findings showed that a significant drop in the leaf water status, chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content was linked to an increase in sugar, proline, and antioxidant enzyme accumulation at p < 0.05 under induced drought stress, along with an increase in protein content as a dominant response for both cultivars. SVI-I & II, RSR, LAI, LAR, TB, CA, CB, CC, peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content under drought stress were studied for variance analysis in terms of interactions between drought and NAA treatment and were found significant at p < 0.05 after 15 days. It has been found that the exogenous application of NAA alleviated the inhibitory effect of only short-term water stress, but yield loss due to long-term osmotic stress will not be faced employing growth regulators. Climate-smart agriculture is the only approach to reduce the detrimental impact of global fluctuations, such as drought stress, on crop adaptability before they have a significant influence on world crop production.
Abstract. Khan MN, Ali S, Razak SA, Zaman A, Iqbal M, Shah SN. 2021. Assessment of floristic diversity in the mountain ecosystem of Marghazar Valley, Hindukush Range, Swat, Pakistan. Biodiversitas 23: 1000-1013. Marghazar Valley, a part of the Hindukush Range, is an area with a rich diversity of plant resources. Geo-climatically and ecologically, this valley is characterized by a moist temperate and subtropical zone with a Sino-Japanese type of vegetation. A comprehensive survey was carried out from April 2019-June 2020 to explore the biodiversity and ecological aspects of plants in Marghazar Valley, Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study recorded a total number of 307 taxa (161 herbs, 45 shrubs, 46 trees, 37 grasses, 10 climbers, 2 shruby herbs, 1 subshrub, 1 tree-like herb, 1 hollow tufted tree, 1 climbing shrub, 1 parasitic herb and 1 woody climber) belong to 94 families and 236 genera that consisted of Pteridophytes (14 species, 9 genera, 7 families), Gymnosperms (5 species, 4 genera, 2 families) and Angiosperms (288 species, 223 genera and 85 families). Families with the highest number of species were Poaceae (38 species) and Asteraceae (29 species), followed by Rosaceae (22 species), Brassicaceae (13 species) and Lamiaceae (11 species), while the rest of the families had less than 11 species. Dicots were the group with the largest number of genera (75.24 %), followed by Monocots (18.56 %), Pteridophytes (4.54 %) and Gymnosperms (1.62 %). Cousinia bupthalmoides was recorded from the area for the first time and are a novel addition to the flora of Swat. Phenology of vegetation revealed that 173 taxa (56.35%) recorded as perennial followed by 134 taxa as annual plants (43.50%). Bio-spectrum classes were represented by 126 species as therophytes (40.90%) and 122 species as microphylls (39.61%) in life form and leaf size respectively, while 2 species i.e Cuscuta reflexa and Equisetum arvense are aphyllus which possesses no leaves.
Because of global warming and decreased river flows, all of Pakistan's provinces, especially large parts of Sind and Baluchistan, have been experiencing water shortages for decades. Based on such climatic changes several management techniques have been recommended to cope through drought stress. This study is focused on the assumption that seed soaking of Triticum aestivumL. at low (4 °C) and high (80 °C) temperature (thermopriming) with exogenous spray of alpha-Tocopherol (150 mol/L) will increase seedling formation and crop production through drought stress of 5 and 10 days recommended to persuade resistivity in test species. This study also describes resistance mechanism of drought both in physiological and biochemical activities. Results concluded that chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids, sugar, protein and proline (µmg/g) contents were detected maximum in case of T1 (control) and T5 (5 days drought + 4 °C + α-Tocopherol) enhancing growth and osmolytes component in plant whereas; antioxidant enzymes bitterly respond under induced high drought stress and growth regulator at p≤0.05. The study showed the degree of resistance to various drought stressors best suited in agricultural country (Pakistan) signifying successful demonstration of priming method with the application of α-Tocopherol as growth regulator will help agricultural industries improve seed quality and germination rate.
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