Tapered optical fiber coated with pyrrole/poly(vinyl alcohol)-glucose oxidase (Py/PVA-GOx) for glucose biosensing was successfully fabricated by radiation immobilization of GOx onto polymeric surfaces. Polymerization of pyrrole and PVA crosslinking was carried out by means of gamma irradiation. The nature of enzyme immobilization was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The observation of an absorption band at 1650 cm−1 and binding energy formed at 287.5 eV confirm the occurrence of GOx immobilization on the polymer matrix. An increase in film thickness is observed after irradiation, which confirms the entrapment of GOx into the Py/PVA polymer matrix. The peak to valley roughness for the irradiated Py/PVA-GOx reveals the intermolecular interaction between the polymers and enzyme. These characteristics are linked to the enzymatic reaction of the coated optical fiber towards the glucose concentration. The kinetic property of the GOx in the irradiated Py/PVA-GOx coated fiber was studied with a very low value obtained for the Michaelis-Menten constant, which contributes to improved adhesion and immobilization on the coated fiber. The response and sensitivity of the coated optical fiber were recorded as <0.31 μW and 8.7 × 10-3 μWmM-1, respectively. A selectivity study reveals that the irradiated fiber coated with Py/PVA-GOx is highly selective towards glucose.
Abstract. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is a bio-electrochemical device that harnesses the power of respiring microbes to convert organic substrates directly into electrical energy. This is achieved when bacteria transfer electrons to an electrode rather than directly to an electron acceptor. Their technical feasibility has recently been proven and there is great enthusiasm in the scientific community that MFCs could provide a source of "green electricity". Microbial fuel cells work by allowing bacteria to do what they do best, oxidize and reduce organic molecules. Bacterial respiration is basically one big redox reaction in which electrons are being moved around. The objective is to generate electricity throughout the biochemical process using chemical waste basically sludge, via microbial fuel cells. The methodology includes collecting sludge from different locations, set up microbial fuel cells with the aid of salt bridge and observing the results in voltage measurement. The microbial fuel cells consist of two chambers, iron electrodes, copper wire, air pump (to increase the efficiency of electron transfer), water, sludge and salt bridge. After several observations, it is seen that this MFC can achieve up until 202 milivolts (0.202volts) with the presence of air pump. It is proven through the experiments that sludge from different locations gives different results in term of the voltage measurement. This is basically because in different locations of sludge contain different type and amount of nutrients to provide the growth of bacteria. Apart from that, salt bridge also play an important role in order to transport the proton from cathode to anode. A longer salt bridge will give a higher voltage compared to a short salt bridge. On the other hand, the limitations that this experiment facing is the voltage that being produced did not last long as the bacteria activity slows down gradually and the voltage produced are not really great in amount. Lastly to conclude, microbial fuel cell essentially is a solution for a renewable energy emitted by bacteria activity that need to be take a further attention , research and development
Phoenix dactylifera L. type Mariami from Iran was chosen for this study to investigate the solubility of its seed oil in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The seed has been discovered to possess an antioxidant. The extraction method using SC-CO2 solvent was used in this study to investigate the capabilities of supercritical fluid to extract Phoenix dactylifera L. seed oil since the method is clean compared with organic solvent extraction. Solubility of Phoenix dactilyfera seeds oil in SC-CO2 was correlated using empirical density based model with the help of IBM SPSS software for significance and correlation analysis of the models. Analysis of component in the oil was done using gas chromatography equipped with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Oleic acid revealed to be the main fatty acid in Phoenix dactylifera seed oil, followed by palmitic acid, lauric acid, ascorbyl palmitate and others.
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