Nephus arcuatusKapur is an important predator ofNipaecoccus viridis(Newstead), in citrus orchards of southwestern Iran. This study examined the feeding efficiency of all stages ofN. arcuatusat different densities ofN. viridiseggs by estimating their functional responses. First and 2nd instar larvae as well as adult males exhibited a type II functional response. Attack rate and handling time were estimated to be 0.2749 h−1and 5.4252 h, respectively, for 1st instars, 0.5142 h−1and 1.1995 h for 2nd instars, and 0.4726 h−1and 0.7765 h for adult males. In contrast, 3rd and 4th instar larvae and adult females ofN. arcuatusexhibited a type III functional response. Constantband handling time were estimated to be 0.0142 and 0.4064 h for 3rd instars, respectively, 0.00660 and 0.1492 h for 4th instars, and 0.00859 and 0.2850 h for adult females. The functional response of these six developmental stages differed in handling time. Based on maximum predation rate, 4th instar larvae were the most predatory (160.9 eggs/d) followed by adult females (84.2 eggs/d). These findings suggest thatN. arcuatusis a promising biocontrol agent ofN. viridiseggs especially for 4th instar larvae and adult females.
The development, reproduction and life table parameters of the predator Nephus arcuatus Kapur (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), the most important predator of the spherical mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) were studied at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 14L : 10D). The duration of total pre-adult stage was found to decrease with increase in temperature from 60.0 days at 20°C to 15.3 days at 35°C. The oviposition period lasted 58.5, 44.7, 53.2 and 24.5 days at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C, respectively, with females laying an average of 164.8, 415.2, 660.4 and 136.6 eggs, respectively, at these four temperatures. Life table data were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table. The intrinsic rate of increase (r m = 0.1540 d-1), finite rate of increase (λ = 1.1666 d-1) and net reproductive rate (R 0 = 197.9 offspring) were greatest at 30°C. The shortest mean generation time (T = 30.6 days) was recorded at 35°C. These results indicate that N. arcuatus can successfully survive and reproduce at temperatures of around 30°C and has the potential to be an effective biological control agent of N. viridis and other mealybugs in warm regions.
Examination of Conocarpus erectus L., an adventive ornamental plant growing on Kish Island, revealed Myllocerus undecimpustulatus and Systates omanicus, both weevils new to Iran. Comparatively mesophilic Myllocerus undecimpustulatus is an invasive pest with origin from the Indian subcontinent, and is highly recommended for Internal Quarantine (A1) in Iran. Xerophilic Systates omanicus was thus far considered an endemic of eastern Arabia but likely it is also native to Kish Island. This finding is in line with hypothesis on Pleistocene colonization of Arabia and Persian Gulf region with subsequent speciation of Systates during African Humid Period occurring from the very beginning of Marine Isotope Stage 5.
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