Claire (2008) The relationship between speech, oromotor, language and cognitive abilities in children with Down's syndrome. Accessed from:http://eresearch.qmu.ac.uk/155/ Repository Use PolicyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes providing that:• The full-text is not changed in any way • A full bibliographic reference is made • A hyperlink is given to the original metadata page in eResearch eResearch policies on access and re-use can be viewed on our • Details to come. © the individual authors 2008This series consists of unpublished "working" papers. They are not final versions and may be superseded by publication in journal or book form, which should be cited in preference.All rights remain with the author(s) at this stage, and circulation of a work in progress in this series does not prejudice its later publication.Comments to authors are welcome. 1The relationship between speech, oromotor, language and cognitive abilities in children with Down's syndrome AbstractBackground: Children and young people with Down's syndrome (DS) present with deficits in expressive speech and language, accompanied by strengths in vocabulary comprehension compared to nonverbal mental age. Speech intelligibility is particularly impaired, but whether speech is delayed or disordered is a controversial topic. Most studies suggest a delay, but no studies explore the relationship between cognitive or language skills and intelligibility. This study sought to determine whether severity of speech disorder correlates with language and cognitive level and to describe the types of errors, developmental or non-developmental, that occur in the speech of children and adolescents with DS. Methods & Procedures: 15 children and adolescents with DS (aged 10 to 18) were recruited. Participants completed a battery of standardised speech, language and cognitive assessments. The phonology assessment was subject to process analyses. Results from each test were correlated to determine relationships. Outcome & Results:People with DS present with deficits in receptive and expressive language that is not wholly accounted for by their cognitive delay. Receptive vocabulary is a strength in comparison to language skills, but it was unclear whether it is more advanced compared to non-verbal cognitive skills. The majority of speech errors were developmental in nature but all of the children with DS showed at least one atypical or non-developmental speech error. Conclusions: Children with DS present with speech disorders characterised by (often unusual) atypical errors alongside many developmental errors. Lack of correlation between speech and cognition or language suggests that the speech disorder in Down's syndrome is not simply due to cognitive delay.
These preliminary results suggest that EPG has potential as an effective diagnostic and therapy procedure for articulation errors in people with Down's syndrome. A major issue still to be addressed, however, is the extent to which others will benefit from this approach to intervention.
There is considerable disagreement in the literature as to the precise nature or source of speech sound errors found in clients with acquired aphasia. Traditionally, a dichotomy between apraxic errors and phonemic paraphasic errors has been used to describe the speech errors made by these patients. This motoric‐linguistic division has been the centre of much debate. Researchers have reported overlap in the descriptions of apraxic and phonemic paraphasic errors despite the assumption that these errors arise from different levels in the speech planning and execution process. Recent research using electropalatography (EPG) has provided valuable spatial and temporal information about speech sound errors in clients with acquired aphasia previously unavailable through perceptual‐based analysis (Edwards & Miller, 1989; Hardcastle & Edwards, 1992). This study identifies, by means of EPG and acoustic analysis, regularities in the patterns of speech sound errors produced by five aphasic adults with different diagnoses. The classification scheme described by Hardcastle and Edwards (1992) is tested on these clients and the advantages of a fine‐grained analysis based on instrumental data exemplified. One hypothesis to be tested is that those errors previously identified by auditory analysis alone as linguistic in origin may more appropriately be regarded as arising from a motor programming deficit. This hypothesis is supported by results from the pilot study which investigated the speech sound errors of one aphasic patient considered to demonstrate phonemic paraphasia. These findings have important impliciations for speech and languge therapists. They can lead to improved diagnostic procedures and subsequently more effective therapy which can specifically target or compensate the source of the disruption.
We completed a large‐scale field experiment in four tributaries of the Logan River, Utah, where the largest metapopulation of imperiled Bonneville cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii utah persists. We documented the spatial and temporal distributions of spawners, quantified substrate use versus substrate availability, and evaluated differences in hatch and emergence fry success between and among sites in relation to habitat characteristics. We observed considerable variability in the timing, magnitude, and duration of spawning among study areas (streams), in part as a function of a variable, multipeaked hydrograph. Nevertheless, across study areas, >70% of redds were constructed on the final descending limb of the hydrograph. Despite large differences in the amount of spawning substrate available, Bonneville cutthroat trout utilized a narrow range of substrate and sizes (3–80 mm) similar to that utilized by other subspecies of cutthroat trout, albeit biased towards larger sizes. Water temperatures generally remained below the recommended range (6–17°C) for spawning; however, the viability of this metapopulation of cutthroat trout suggests that the recommended temperature range for spawning is overestimated for this subspecies and (or) does not account for local thermal adaptation. Hatch varied from 43% to 77% and emergence survival from 39% to 65% among streams, and within‐stream variability was substantial; both survival rates declined significantly as a function of increased fine sediment concentrations. Egg development rates were nearly 50% greater in a high‐elevation tributary where redd counts were also lowest. In high, mountain systems with short growing seasons, this incubation delay likely presents a significant growth disadvantage for age‐0 trout. Our research enhances our understanding of Bonneville cutthroat trout spawning ecology and early survival and provides critical information for aiding in the development of benchmarks for their recovery. Effective conservation efforts should be directed towards minimizing anthropogenic activities that result in excess sedimentation in their critical spawning tributaries. Received April 15, 2011; accepted February 7, 2012
Articulation disorders in Down's syndrome (DS) are prevalent and often intractable. Individuals with DS generally prefer visual to auditory methods of learning and may therefore find it beneficial to be given a visual model during speech intervention, such as that provided by electropalatography (EPG). In this study, participants with Down's syndrome, aged 10:1 to 18:9, received 24 individualized therapy sessions using EPG. Simultaneous acoustic and EPG recordings were made pre-and postintervention during 10 repetitions of a word list containing lingua-palatal consonants. Participants also completed the DEAP phonology sub-test at both time points. Post-treatment, all participants showed qualitative and quantifiable differences in EPG patterns and improvements in DEAP percentage consonants correct. EPG assessment and therapy appears a positive approach for identifying and improving articulatory patterns in children with DS.
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