Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as the third most common and fourth leading cancer associated death worldwide. The occurrence of metastasis has remained as a critical challenge in CRC, so that distant metastasis (mostly to the liver) has been manifested in about 20%-25% of patients. Several screening approaches have introduced for detecting CRC in different stages particularly in early stages. The standard treatments for CRC are surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in alone or combination. Immunotherapy is a set of novel approaches with the aim of remodeling the immune system battle with metastatic cancer cells, such as immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors), adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and cancer vaccine. Cancer vaccines are designed to trigger the intense response of immune system to tumor-specific antigens. In two last decades, introduction of new cancer vaccines and designing several clinical trials with vaccine therapy, have been taken into consideration in colon cancer patients. This review will describe the treatment approaches with the special attention to vaccines applied to treat colorectal cancer. K E Y W O R D S colorectal cancer, exosome, therapy, vaccine J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:8815-8828.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcb
: Cervical malignancy is known as one of the important cancers which is originated from cervix. This malignancy has been observed in women infected with papillomavirus who had regular oral contraceptives, multiple pregnancies and sexual relation. Early and fast cervical cancer diagnosis are known as two important aspects of cervical cancer therapy. Several investigations indicated that early and fast detection of cervical cancer could be associated with better treatment process and increasing survival rate of patients with this malignancy. Imaging techniques are very important diagnosis tools which could be employed for diagnosis and following responses to therapy in various stages of cervical cancer. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that utilization of imaging techniques are related to some limitations (i.e. high cost, and invasive effects). Hence, it seems that along with using imaging techniques, finding and developing new biomarkers could be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of subjects with cervical cancer. Taken together, many studies showed that a variety of biomarkers including, several proteins, mRNAs, microRNAs, exosomes and polymorphisms might be introduced as prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in cervical cancer therapy. In this review article, we highlighted imaging techniques as well as novel biomarkers in diagnosis of cervical cancer.
: Gastric cancer (GC) is found as the second leading cause of cancer associated deaths in the world which is usually detected in the advanced stages. It has been showed that surgery is major therapeutic approach in the treatment subjects with GC. Hence, early and fast diagnosis of this malignancy is very important issue for good subject outcomes. Noninvasive diagnostic platforms including evolutionary endoscopy and positron emission tomography (PET) are employed as diagnosis for subjects with GC. Along to imaging techniques, utilization of biomarkers has been emerged as new diagnosis options in early and fast detection of GC. Multiple lines evidence revealed, a variety of biomarkers including microRNAs, exosomes, circulating tumor cells, circular RNAs, cell free DNAs, and various proteins could be used as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with GC. Taken together, these findings suggested that joint application of imaging techniques and different biomarkers, could be introduced as new detection approaches in the treatment and screening response to therapy in the subjects with GC. Herein, we summarized various imaging techniques and biomarkers as powerful tools in the detection of GC.
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