Awareness of lumbar disc herniation will help the paediatrician extract a relevant medical history, perform a directed physical examination, and order appropriate imaging studies. This will aid in initiating early intervention, be it conservative or operative, and achieving a favourable outcome.
Back pain may be the presenting symptom of many children attending to pediatric health care settings. As such, awareness to the common etiologies of back pain in this subgroup of patients remains essential as it guides appropriate diagnosis. Although several clues may be derived from the child's history and physical examination, imaging techniques may be required to confirm the underlying diagnosis. This review summarizes the most commonly encountered causes of back pain in children and highlights diagnostic approaches that will ensure early diagnosis and intervention for a more favorable outcome.
For pregnant women and their fetus, secondhand smoking poses major public health effects. This study analyzes the determinants of change in smoking behavior among fathers whose partners were pregnant. The study is a secondary analysis of a nationally representative Lebanese cross-sectional survey of 1,028 households conducted in 2007. Currently smoking fathers with a child of 5 years of age or less were included. The main outcome was the change in the father's smoking behavior during his wife's last pregnancy. The study concluded that fathers who changed their smoking patterns when their wives were pregnant were significantly more educated, more likely to smoke a lesser number of cigarettes per day (OR = 96, 95% CI (0.93, 0.99)), and more knowledgeable about cigarette constitutes and its health risks (OR = 1.37, 95% CI (1.08, 1.74). Public health practitioners and health professionals are recommended to raise awareness and provide cessation programs for parents and especially fathers.
The aim of this study was to determine whether the jejunal oligopeptide transporter PepT1 is regulated by insulin and whether this regulation is sex-dependent in type 1 diabetic rats. PepT1 expression, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blots were performed using jejunal segments from 4 groups of male and female rats: normal (nondiabetic), insulin-treated nondiabetic, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (type 1 diabetes), and insulin-treated diabetic models. Furthermore, the same segments from all groups underwent perfusion to assess uptake of the dipeptide glycylsarcosine through PepT1. Our results showed that insulin treatment of nondiabetic female rats decreased blood glucose level but did not affect nondiabetic male rats. In both male and female diabetic rats, insulin did not completely decrease blood glucose level. Insulin treatment decreased PepT1 mRNA level in nondiabetic male rats and increased mRNA level in nondiabetic female rats without affecting the PepT1 protein level in either sex. Inducing diabetes with STZ increased PepT1 mRNA and protein levels in female rats; however, in diabetic male rats, the increase in mRNA level was accompanied by a decrease in PepT1 protein level. Treatment of diabetic male rats with insulin partially reversed the effect of diabetes on PepT1 mRNA and protein levels, whereas the same treatment completely restored both PepT1 mRNA and protein to control levels in insulin-treated diabetic female rats. In both nondiabetic male and female rats, insulin treatment had no effect on PepT1 influx rate, and STZ treatment decreased the transporter influx rate. Treatment of diabetic male and female rats with insulin significantly increased PepT1 influx rate; however, complete recovery was found only in diabetic female rats. These results clearly show that insulin and diabetes affected blood glucose level as well as PepT1 activity, expression, and protein levels in a sex-dependent manner. These results suggest that a factor, probably estrogen, could be responsible for the sex-dependent effects of diabetes and insulin in PepT1 level and activity.
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