This study is based on narratives of successful lawyers in Europe who are descendants of migrants from Turkey. I will discuss the main mechanisms whereby social actors have a significant impact on the professional pathways of these upwardly mobile professionals. The findings provide two insights. The relevance of significant others found in literature on educational mobility of descendants of migrants can be extended to professional pathways. Some respondents became acquainted with the middle-class culture of the majority group through peers and school during their youth. This was instrumental in adjusting to the specific white-collar professional environments of corporate law firms. Others who grew up and attended schools in disadvantaged neighbourhoods had more difficulties adjusting. However, they became accustomed to middle-and upper-class norms and behaviour at university or on the job by observing and learning along the way.

This study is based on 86 in-depth interviews with second-generation people of Turkish and Moroccan background in the Netherlands who have achieved upward educational mobility. We used an inductive approach to analyze their perceptions with respect to received parental educational support and the educational support they provided to the younger generation. House's (1981) social support typology was applied combined with a body of literature on immigrant aspirations and educational success of children of immigrants. Despite lacking informational support the interviewees value the received parental support, consisting of emotional and instrumental support. Their higher education, familiarity with the Dutch education system, socialization with the dominant culture, and received parental support influence their giving of support, which mainly consists of informational support.

Background Fatigue is a common symptom in patients with Lyme disease. Objective The purpose of this study was to characterize fatigue in untreated adult patients presenting with erythema migrans. Selected variables were assessed to determine if any correlated with the presence or severity of fatigue. Methods Fatigue was assessed on the day of the evaluation by a visual analogue scale (VAS), over the past 14 days by the 11-item fatigue severity scale (FSS-11) and over the past 28 days based on a question from the 36-item Short Form General Health Survey version 2. Results 51 patients with erythema migrans whose mean age was 49.8 years, and 33 (64.7%) of whom were male, were evaluated in this study. The three measures of fatigue were positively correlated with one another (p ≤ 0.01). 26 (51%) had fatigue based on a VAS score above 0. 10 (19.6%) had severe fatigue based on an FSS-11 score of ≥ 4. The strongest correlate for higher fatigue scores was having a greater number of symptoms in addition to fatigue. Conclusion Based on the FSS-11 assessment tool, approximately 20% of early Lyme patients have severe fatigue. Having a high total number of symptoms was associated with both the presence and severity of fatigue. Since prior studies have demonstrated the presence of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other molecules in the serum of highly symptomatic patients with erythema migrans, the symptom of fatigue in early Lyme disease may be a component of what has been referred to as the acute sickness response.

Introduction Changes in hepatic clearance and CYP2D1 activity after combination therapy with insulin and metformin in type-1 diabetes and insulin administration in type-2 diabetes was assessed in an animal model. Methods Ten male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. Seven days after induction of diabetes, in treatment groups, type-1 diabetic rats received insulin plus metformin, and type-2 diabetic rats received insulin daily for 14 days. On day 21, rats were subjected to liver perfusion using Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing dextromethorphan as a CYP2D1 probe. Perfusate samples were analyzed by HPLC-FL. ResultsThe average metabolic rate of dextromethorphan and hepatic clearance changed from 0.012 ± 0.004 and 6.3 ± 0.1 ml/min in the control group to 0.006 ± 0.001 and 5.2 ± 0.2 ml/min in the untreated type-1 diabetic group, and 0.008 ± 0.003 and 5 ± 0.6 ml/min in the untreated type-2 diabetic rats [1]. In the present study, metabolic rate and hepatic clearance changed to 0.0112 ± 0.0008 and 6.2 ± 0.1 ml/min in the type-1 diabetic group treated with insulin plus metformin, and 0.0149 ± 0.0012 and 6.03 ± 0.06 ml/min in the insulin-receiving type-2 diabetic rats. Conclusions Administration of insulin plus metformin in type-1 diabetes could modulate the function of CYP2D1 to the observed levels in the control group and made it clearer to predict the fate of drugs that are metabolized by this enzyme. Moreover, good glycemic control with insulin administration has a significant effect on the balance between hepatic clearance and CYP2D1 activity in type-2 diabetes.

This qualitative study on steep social mobility is based on interviews with descendants of guest-worker immigrants from Turkey. They currently work in highly prestigious positions in the field of professional business services in the Netherlands. The majority of studies on social capital and career mobility is based on quantitative methods which makes it difficult to gain insight into its mechanisms. In line with Lin (Annu Rev Sociol 25:467–487, 1999) and Smith (Am J Sociol 111:1–57, 2005) the current article makes the distinction between the access to and the activation of social capital. By explaining how the professional characteristics of the social climbers triggered their network connections to become ‘donors’ (Portes A, Annu Rev Sociol 24:1–24, 1998), we attempt to shed light on the mechanisms of social capital activation. For this claim we apply the concepts of ‘likeability’ and ‘reliability’. Furthermore, we categorize two types of donors that have emerged from our data: ‘ambassadors’ and ‘coaches’. By comprehending how the descendants of migrants activated their social capital, this article gives insight into the mechanisms of their steep social mobility, and it deepens our understanding of the relation between social capital and career mobility.