Background:Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is among the most unfavorable problems in women in reproductive age; however its pathophysiology is still not fully confirmed. Vitamin D as an immunomodulator could prevent inflammatory state before and during menstruation. Objective:The aim was to investigate whether there is any relationship between serum vitamin D levels and PMS.Materials and Methods:In total, 82 women participate in this case-control study which was conducted in Shahid Akbar-abadi hospital from November 2013 to March 2015. Categorization was based on an Iranian version of the premenstrual symptoms screening tool (PSST). Levels of 25 hydroxy-vitamin D3 (25OHD) were determined by using 25-OH Vitamin D ELISA kit in luteal phase. Characteristics of participants and vitamin D levels were compared between two groups by using independent sample t-test.Results:Menarche age of women with PMS was significantly lower than normal women (p=0.04). Body mass index was not statistically different between groups. We observed a high rate of vitamin D deficiency and also its severe deficiency in both PMS and non-PMS groups. However, our study demonstrated no significant difference in the levels of serum 25OHD between the two groups.Conclusion:It seems there is no association between PMS and serum levels of vitamin D3; however, the high rate of vitamin D deficiency among young Iranian women emerges special health care considerations in this group.

Background: Different studies found that zinc is necessary for sexual maturity, growth and fertility. But there are no distinct studies that clarify the role of zinc supplements on semen parameters.

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Preterm birth is the most important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Finding the best treatment regimen of antenatal corticosteroids, in order to reduce neonatal complications, has been under serious concern.Objective:The purpose of the present study was to compare the efficacy of intravascular (IV) versus intra muscular (IM) betamethasone phosphate on neonatal outcomes in the cases of imminent preterm birth.Method:The study was conducted as a double-blind randomized clinical trial. 136 pregnant women with gestational age of 26- 34 weeks of pregnancy and imminent preterm birth (delivery within 24 hours) were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A received intramuscular betamethasone phosphate as a dose of 12 mg, and group B received a similar dose of betamethasone phosphate intravenously. Women were followed up to delivery, and their neonatal outcomes were compared.Results:The women of the two groups (68 women in each group), did not show a significant difference in maternal age, BMI, gravidity and parity, gestational age at the time of admission and delivery, history of miscarriage and assisted reproductive techniques, delivery route, sex and weight of newborns, and Apgar score in minutes 1 and 5. The need for NICU admission, duration of hospitalization, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, surfactant requirement, and intubation were lower in the IV betamethasone group. There were no significant differences between the two groups according to necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and neonatal death.Conclusion:Using IV betamethasone, in cases where there is no enough time to complete the 24-hour betamethasone course due to the possibility of impending delivery, may reduce neonatal complications due to more rapid action.

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