The profitability, quality, and output volume of plant production is significantly influenced by plant fungal diseases. These phytopathogens are persistent in getting past plant defences, which leads to diseases and quality losses that cost the US economy billions of dollars every year. Farmers have employed fungicides to manage the damage caused by plant pathogenic fungus in order to combat the epidemic of fungal plant diseases. Researchers and growers are looking for alternate solutions because of drawbacks including resistance development and environmental damage linked to these drugs. Materials and Procedures Using the search terms "plant fungal pathogen," "plant extracts," and "phytopathogens," several databases were consulted to learn more about research on protecting plants against plant fungal diseases. The best extractants and bioassay methods are suggested for use. Results: Plant fungal diseases have previously been treated with biological agents in addition to conventional fungicides. There are numerous instances when plant extracts or chemicals derived from plants have been employed on a broad scale as commercial fungus deterrents in agricultural and horticultural settings. The fact that plant extracts typically include many antifungal compounds is a benefit of this strategy. Consequently, if various substances have an impact on various metabolic processes, the development of pathogen resistance may be reduced. Plants grown with the use of plant extracts may also be marketed as organic. Numerous studies on potent antibacterial substances found in plant extracts with a focus on applications in human health have been released. To create acceptable, affordable, efficient, and sustainable botanical solutions that can be utilised to combat the epidemic of plant fungal infections, more study is necessary. Conclusions: The benefits of concentrating on plant fungal infections should be considered by scientists who have solely concentrated on using plants to control human and animal fungal illnesses. This strategy is considerably simpler to assess the efficacy in greenhouse or field studies, which could boost the food security for farmers in rural areas and result in financial incentives. Extracts may still be valuable in the floriculture sector even if they are hazardous
Aim: To compare the effect of peer led and professional led oral health education on knowledge, attitude and practicesof child bearing age females. Methods: The design for this study was a randomized controlled trial in which changes in knowledge, attitude and practices were compared after providing peer and professional-led education.480 females of child bearing age in BHU Raiwind and 500 in Araiyaan were randomly selected for the study. Brushing frequency, brushing timing and fluoride prevention outcomes were compared statistically. Results:The results indicated that brushing twice a day after intervention in peer group increased to 24% from 16% (baseline) but again dropped to almost 15% at follow-up. Brushing twice a day in professional-led group was 17% at baseline which increased to 36% after intervention; though it reduced to 31% at follow-up.It was found out in peer-led group that at baseline 24.6% considered fluoride helpful in preventing oral diseases, this increased twofold in intervention visit but again dropped at follow up (still more than that at baseline). While in professional group 24.1% (same as in peer-led) thought fluoride helpful in preventing dental diseases but here in intervention visit this increased more than three times (82%) and dropped to 40% which is still more than baseline data. Conclusion:Professional led Health education significantly played an important role in adopting healthy oral hygiene habits among females of child bearing age. Health Education provided by the peers also improved the oral health conditions. Keywords: Health Education, Oral Health Education, Oral health Awareness, Professional led health Education.
Introduction: Early initiation of breast feeding that is breast feed given within first hour of birth prevents newborn from hypothermia, hypoglycemia and infections. It increases bonding with mother and promotes exclusive breast feeding. Objectives: To assess the factors influencing the mothers for early initiation of breast feeding and how much mothers practice it. Material and Methods: It was a retrospective study conducted at Pak Red Crescent Medical and Dental College, Dina Nath. The study was in form of questionnaire interview taken from delivered women including caesarean section and spontaneous vaginal delivery 293 and 57 women from out-patient department. Total number of women were 350. Duration of study was six months from 1 July 2021 to 31 December 2021. The influencing factors of early initiation of breast feeding and practice of giving milk within an hour after birth was assessed. Results: In our study percentage of early initiation of breast feeding was 13.4%. Maximum age for breast feeding was between 25 to 35 years that is 48.5% and regarding parity maximum in Para2 to 3 had 40%. The women who were willing for breastfeeding within first hour of birth had family support 26.2%, support by doctors or nurses 16.5% and 2% got counselling in antenatal period. Regarding factors that decrease EIBF, 53.4% women failed to initiate breast fed in first hour after birth due to pain, caesarean section under general anesthesia3.1%, discomfort due to episiotomy 6.2% and 10.5% babies were referred to neonatal unit immediately after birth due to danger signs. Conclusion: Counselling of mothers in antenatal period, improving counselling skills of health providers and strengthening community based support are likely to improve early initiation of breast feeding. Keywords: NICU neonatal intensive care unit, WHO World Health Organization EIBF early initiation of breast feeding
Introduction: Promotion of family planning has been shown to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and promotes women empowerment. Contraception is regarded as an important preventive measure against unintended pregnancies. Although contraceptive methods are freely available in Family Planning centers, the utilization is low. Aims And Objectives: To assess the attitude, knowledge and practice of contraceptive methods in rural areas Material and Method: The study was carried in Pak Rd Crescent Medical and Dental College, Dinanath. Duration was 6 months from 1 July 2021 till 31 December 2021. It was a descriptive study. Sample size was 1200. Postoperative patients including caesarean section and spontaneous vaginal delivery and patients coming in outpatient department including antenatal and patients with gynecological problems were included. The women were interviewed regarding knowledge of contraceptive methods and choice to decide these methods. Most of them had knowledge but less number of women agreed to decide family planning method. Results: Usually women who gave interview were between age 31 to 40 years 37.6% and21 to 30 years 33.1%. Maximum parity 2 -4 were 47.1% and P 5 and above were 44.7%. 69.3% of them were illiterate. 86.4% women had knowledge of IUCD, 91.8% regarding COCP and 91.1% about injectable contraceptives.95.6% knew about male condoms. For the practice of contraceptive methods, maximum demand was of male condoms 13.8%, COCP 9.5%, IUCD 4% and injectables 4.6%. The reasons for not practicing family methods were husband and family pressure 30.1%, different myths about contraception 27.2%, family not complete 17.6%, cultural reasons 14.6%, lack of knowledge 8.8% and need for male gender 4.5% Conclusion: Although most of the ladies had knowledge of contraceptive methods but they were reluctant to practice them. Motivation of husband and mother in law is important factor to achieve positive attitude towards contraception. Counselling against myths and false belief is essential. Keywords: IUCD intra uterine contraceptive device, COCP combined oral contraceptive device
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