Meiotic drive is widespread in nature. The conflict it generates is expected to be an important motor for evolutionary change and innovation. In this study, we investigated the genomic consequences of two large multi-gene meiotic drive elements, Sk-2 and Sk-3, found in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora intermedia. Using long-read sequencing, we generated the first complete and well-annotated genome assemblies of large, highly diverged, non-recombining regions associated with meiotic drive elements. Phylogenetic analysis shows that, even though Sk-2 and Sk-3 are located in the same chromosomal region, they do not form sister clades, suggesting independent origins or at least a long evolutionary separation. We conclude that they have in a convergent manner accumulated similar patterns of tandem inversions and dense repeat clusters, presumably in response to similar needs to create linkage between genes causing drive and resistance.

Sleeve gastrectomy is a surgical technique and a leading method in metabolic surgery. Sleeve gastrectomy gained ever-increasing popularity among laparoscopic surgeons involved in bariatric surgery and has proved to be a successful method in achieving considerable weight loss in a short time. There are some disparate effects that patients may experience after sleeve gastrectomy including a reduction in BMI, weight, blood pressure, stroke, and cancer and also a significant remission in obesity-related diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D), Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and craniopharyngioma-related hypothalamic obesity as well as non-obesity-related diseases such as gout, musculoskeletal problems, ovarian disorders and urinary incontinence. The most common complications of sleeve gastrectomy are bleeding, nutrient deficiencies, and leakage. There are several studies on the impact of gender and ethnic disparities on postoperative complications. This study collects state of the art of reports on sleeve gastrectomy. The aim of this study was to analyze recent studies and review the advantages and disadvantages of sleeve gastrectomy.

The history of life has been driven by evolutionary transitions in individuality, that is, the aggregation of autonomous individuals to form a new, higher-level individual. The fungus Neurospora tetrasperma has recently undergone an evolutionary transition in individuality from homokaryosis (one single type of nuclei in the same cytoplasm) to heterokaryosis (two genetically divergent and free-ranging nuclear types). In this species, selection can act at different levels: while nuclei can compete in their replication and transmission into shortlived asexual spores, at the level of the heterokaryotic individual, cooperation between nuclear types is required to produce the long-lived sexual spores. Conflicts can arise between these two levels of selection if the coevolution between nuclear types is disrupted. Here, we investigated the extent of multilevel selection in three strains of N. tetrasperma. We assessed the ratio between nuclear types under different conditions and measured fitness traits of homo-and heterokaryotic mycelia with varying nuclear ratios. We show that the two nuclei have complementary traits, consistent with division of labor and cooperation. In one strain, for which a recent chromosomal introgression was detected, we observed the occurrence of selfish nuclei, enjoying better replication and transmission than sister nuclei at the same time as being detrimental to the heterokaryon. We hypothesize that introgression has disrupted the coevolution between nuclear types in this strain.

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