Mutua Madrileña Foundation, Fondation de l'Université de Lausanne et Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Instituto Carlos III, CIBERER, National Institutes of Health, Generalitat de Catalunya, Fundació CELLEX.

Some clusters of children with a multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (MIS-C) have been reported. We describe the epidemiological and clinical features of children with MIS-C in Spain. MIS-C is a potentially severe condition that presents in children with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

HIV-infected children experienced a continued catch-up in weight and height 5 years after starting HAART. Virologic control is related to sustained growth.

Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen responsible for bone and joint infections worldwide and is also capable of causing pneumonia and other invasive severe diseases. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have been studied as factors related with severity in these infections. The aims of this study were to describe invasive community-acquired S. aureus (CA-SA) infections and to analyse factors related to severity of disease. Paediatric patients (aged 0-16 years) who had a CA-SA invasive infection were prospectively recruited from 13 centres in 7 European countries. Demographic, clinical and microbiological data were collected. Severe infection was defined as invasive infection leading to death or admission to intensive care due to haemodynamic instability or respiratory failure. A total of 152 children (88 boys) were included. The median age was 7.2 years (interquartile range, 1.3-11.9). Twenty-six (17%) of the 152 patients had a severe infection, including 3 deaths (2%). Prevalence of PVL-positive CA-SA infections was 18.6%, and 7.8% of the isolates were MRSA. The multivariate analysis identified pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 13.39 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.11-43.56); p 0.008), leukopenia at admission (<3000/mm(3)) (aOR 18.3 (95% CI 1.3-259.9); p 0.03) and PVL-positive infections (aOR 4.69 (95% CI 1.39-15.81); p 0.01) as the only factors independently associated with severe outcome. There were no differences in MRSA prevalence between severe and nonsevere cases (aOR 4.30 (95% CI 0.68- 28.95); p 0.13). Our results show that in European children, PVL is associated with more severe infections, regardless of methicillin resistance.

European Union's Seventh Framework programme.

ObjectivesWe undertook a prospective study to estimate the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and associated risk factors in a cohort of 669 HIV-1 infected women. MethodsThe O'Sullivan and glucose tolerance tests were performed during regular visits of 609 mothers. ResultsThe median age of the cohort was 30.7 years (range 16-44), with most women having had heterosexual contact (67%). The majority were in Centers for Disease Control (CDC) category A (71%) and 53% exhibited hepatitis C co-infection. Median viral load and CD4 count at third trimester were 545 cells/mL (range 139-1690 cells/mL) and 1.9 log (range 1.7-5.4), respectively. Seventy-four per cent of the patients were treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), of whom 41% received a protease inhibitor (PI). An above-average prevalence of 7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.2-9.5] for positive GDM diagnosis was found. Risk factors associated with GDM in univariate analysis included older age, hepatitis C co-infection, stavudine and PI exposure. However, only older age [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.09, 95% CI 1-1.1] and PI exposure (AOR 2.4, 95% CI 1-5.3) remained as independent risk factors for GDM development in multivariate analysis. ConclusionsIn our cohort, the prevalence of GDM appears to be increased, with older age and PI exposure contributing as significant independent risk factors.Keywords: antiretroviral therapy, gestational diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, pregnancy, protease inhibitor IntroductionThe effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on glucose metabolism in pregnant HIV-infected women remains poorly understood. This is partly because data on the use of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients are limited and because previous studies have shown contradictory results. The incidence of GDM in HIV-negative Spanish pregnant women ranges from 2% to 5% [1][2][3]. Some studies have reported an increased prevalence of diabetes ranging from 2% to 7% among HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors (PIs) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Although PI treatment has previously been associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), other factors such as age or body mass index (BMI) may also contribute to its development [15]. Classical risk factors for the development of DM in the general population include genetic make-up and individual factors such as race, age, family history of DM and obesity, which can also contribute to changes in plasma glucose levels in HIV-infected patients.The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of GDM in a large cohort of HIV-1 infected women and to determine possible risk factors associated with its development in these women.Correspondence: Dr Maria Isabel Gonzalez-Tomé, Department of Immunodeficiencies, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid 28041, Spain. Tel: 1 34 9 1390 8569; fax: +34 9 1390 8375; e-mail: maribelgt@hotmail.com DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00639.x HIV Medicine (2008 Every 3 months, additional testing was carried out. Son...

HIV-1 non-B variants infected 10% of the cohort during 1993-2009. Resistant viruses were present in 26.5% and 66% of naive and pretreated children, respectively. Our data suggest that TDR prevalence in children could be higher than that reported in adults in Spain. The provided data will help to improve clinical management of HIV-infected children in Spain.

Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was isolated more frequently in the second study period and was associated with worse clinical outcomes.