IntroductionBovine tuberculosis, caused by M. bovis, is endemic in Mexico and has had a big impact on public health. Jalisco is considered to be an important dairy region in the country, accounting for approximately 19% of the total milk production. Within Jalisco, the region of Altos Sur holds the largest proportion of the cattle inventory of the state.Material and MethodsTo determine the frequency of bovine tuberculosis in Altos Sur, Jalisco, as well as M. bovis genetic diversity, sampling of tissue (lymph nodes, lungs, and liver) from Holstein cattle was performed in four abattoirs belonging to three municipalities of this region (Tepatitlán de Morelos, San Miguel el Alto, and Arandas). Spoligotyping and whole-genome sequencing were carried out to assess the genetic relationships of M. bovis strains circulating in this area, as well as a comparison to isolates from other places in Mexico.ResultsPrevalence was 15.06%, and distribution similar among the three municipalities. The most frequent spoligotypes were SB0673, SB121, and SB0145. Whole-genome sequencing revealed three main clades (I, II, III), but isolates did not show clustering by region.ConclusionPhylogenetic analysis suggested ongoing transmission between herds of the different regions, and no unique source of infection was determined. This hinders efforts under the national program for the control and eradication of the disease, so serious attention must be paid to rural regions such as Altos Sur in order to improve its success.
En México, la prevalencia de tuberculosis bovina se estima en 16% en ganado para leche, y en poco menos del 1% para ganado para carne, sin embargo, observaciones de campo indican que, a pesar de las altas prevalencias en algunos hatos (25-35%) y la exposición por largos periodos, la prevalencia nunca llega al 100%, lo que sugiere que algunos animales son naturalmente resistentes a la enfermedad. Considerando que la manifestación clínica de la tuberculosis depende de la interacción de factores del hospedero, del patógeno y del medio ambiente, es lógico pensar que las variaciones genéticas en el hospedero pueden estar asociadas a resistencia o susceptibilidad a esta enfermedad. En este trabajo se presenta el resultado de una revisión minuciosa de los reportes en la literatura sobre este tema. Se describen de manera resumida los trabajos realizados con el objetivo de identificar variaciones genéticas entre individuos que manifiestan la enfermedad y aquellos que no enferman en diferentes especies: conejos, venado, bovinos y otros, incluyendo al humano. Se hace mención especial en los genes más frecuentemente relacionados con resistencia, por ejemplo el gen Nramp1, y la manera en que estos están asociados a factores del hospedero, tales como la respuesta inmune. Se concluye que es posible identificar elementos moleculares que lleven a la selección genética de animales resistentes a la tuberculosis, y a otras enfermedades, que pueden ser incorporados a los procesos ya existentes de selección de ganado.
The objective of this work was to evaluate a system for assessing the welfare of milking sheep and goats in practical farm conditions. The system uses indicators of environmental, management and facilities related welfare. In order to evaluate the animal welfare, 12 indicators ranked in 3 groups were defined: Environment Animal Welfare (EAW, n = 4) (temperature, airflow, ventilation and ammonia load) Management Animal Welfare (MAW, n = 5) (animal load, bedding, comfort, stress and cleanness of animals) and Facilities Animal Welfare (FAW, n = 3) (feeders of concentrate, feeders of forage and watering). All indicators were evaluated from 1 to 10 taking into account objective and subjective criteria. In addition, the average of scores of the three groups (EAW, MAW, and FAW) and the Global Animal Welfare (GAW) score (the average of all the indicators) were also calculated.One hundred and one assessments (49 in goat and 52 in sheep) were carried out in intensive farms in Spain from 2005 to 2011.The indicators were then compared by farm size, geographical location and production level of the farms. Results obtained show the relationships between the welfare indicators and the zoo technical characteristics of the farms.
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