Considering the time spent in enclosed environments, it is essential to study the relationship between pollutants and building ventilation systems to find whether the types and levels of pollutants and greenhouse gasses, which are expected to be exhaled through ventilation systems into the atmosphere, have been adequately evaluated. We propose the hypothesis that the exhaled air from residential buildings contains pollutants that may become another source of contamination affecting urban air quality and potentially contributing to climate drivers. Thus, the main goal of this article is to present a cross-review of the identification of pollutants expected to be exhaled through ventilation systems in residential buildings. This approach has created the concept of “exhalation of buildings” a new concept enclosed within the research project in which this article is included. We analyze the studies related to the most significant pollutants found in buildings and the studies about the relation of buildings' ventilation systems with such pollutants. Our results show that, on the one hand, the increase in the use of mechanical ventilation systems in residential buildings has been demonstrated to enhance the ventilation rate and generally improve the indoor air quality conditions. But no knowledge could be extracted about the corresponding environmental cost of this improvement, as no systematic data were found about the total mass of contaminants exhaled by those ventilation systems. At the same time, no projects were found that showed a quantitative study on exhalation from buildings, contrary to the existence of studies on pollutants in indoor air. Graphical Abstract
Existing educational buildings built with old normatives suffer a lack of technology, eventhough they are the frame of reference for our future society’s architects(/builders). These buildings, usually promoted by the public sector, don’t have significant economic investment, even if they are going to affect our children’s world perception. The object construction of this study is a building from1978. It has an educational use located at the Pamplona campus of the Universidad de Navarra. The building is part of the Living Lab of the Campus, where technologies, solutions and strategies can be proved It is a protected building by the “Documentation and Conservation of buildings, sites, and neighborhoods of the Modern Movement” (Do. Co,Mo.Mo.), so all actions that can affect its aesthetic aspects need to be justified because of the value of the building.The methodology presented concerns the development of a replicable technical, constructive, and economical feasibility model to reach an off-grid disconnection of an existing building. The steps followed for this study are classified in seven main steps. This proposal aims to define a replicable solution that is going to be applied to other buildings of campus Universidad de Navarra in Pamplona.Even that the first solution is going to be limited by the aesthetic aspect, the final objective is to develop a Plug & Play solution following the methodology, answering the energetical deficiency and complexity of existing constructions.
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