In this study, the authors examined whether parent-child conflict during the middle childhood years varied among families characterized as having different cultural traditions regarding issues of respect for parental authority and parenting practices. The sample included 133 African American, European American, and Latina girls (M age = 8.41 years) and their mothers. African American and Latina girls showed significantly more respect for parental authority than did European American girls. Furthermore, African American and Latina mothers reported significantly more intense arguments when respect was low than did European American mothers. Higher levels of discipline and better communication by mothers were both associated with reports of lower frequency of conflict; ethnicity did not moderate this association. Thus, respect for authority was most salient to group differences in conflict.Keywords parent-child relationships; parent-child conflict; respect; parenting practices Research on the nature of conflict within parent-child relationships has traditionally focused on two developmental periods, early childhood and early adolescence. Parent-child conflict across the toddler and early preschool years is often frequent and an important arena for children's socialization (e.g., Dunn & Slomkowski, 1992). Similarly, early adolescence is often a time of increased emotional and physical distancing from parents (e.g., Paikoff & Brooks-Gunn, 1991;Steinberg, 2001), as well as a time during which the frequency and affective intensity of parent-child conflicts may be higher than at other ages (Laursen, Coy, & Collins, 1998). But what is happening between parents and children during middle and late childhood? Research investigating conflictual interactions between parents and their children during this developmental time period is sparse at best. In addition, despite a growing literature on families of different ethnic and economic backgrounds (e.g., Cauce, Hiraga, Graves, & Gonzales, 1996;Conger, Ge, Elder, Lorenz, & Simons, 1994;Fuligni, 1998;McLoyd & Smith, 2002;Smetana & Gaines, 1999) Children who enter adolescence with more conflictual relationships have been found to be at greater risk for more severe parent-child problems and poorer child outcomes during adolescence (Steinberg, 2001). In prior studies, both positive and negative emotional expressions and conflicts were more common in mother-child than in father-child interactions (Russell & Russell, 1987), a pattern that persists into adolescence (Collins & Laursen, 1992). Because mothers and daughters typically experience close, interdependent relationships, this dyad may be particularly prone to conflict when attempts to integrate individual goals and behaviors (while maintaining the close relationship) are put forth. However, very few investigations have examined mother-daughter interactions among families with different cultural contexts, especially among preadolescent girls. Respect for Parental AuthorityMany researchers have suggested that the changes i...

Postnatal depression (PND) is a common disorder that can be profoundly disabling for affected mothers and their infants. We reviewed published articles on the community-based management of PND in developing countries. Our aim was to propose recommendations to help women with PND. Various databases were searched for English articles from 2000 to 2014. Twelve articles met the selection criteria. We found that interventions involving cognitive behavioral therapy, infant stimulation, and problem solving can improve outcomes for PND. Challenges to implementation included: dependence on specific cadres of health workers; motivation and capacity of delivery agents for additional responsibilities; high level of supervision required; and lack of structures and mechanisms to ensure fidelity. Recommendations are proposed that can potentially assist future efforts at addressing PND in women, especially in developing countries. Further research is required to address these gaps.

A significant difference exists in the opinions of new dental school graduates compared with dentists with an additional year of training regarding their level of competence at the time of dental school graduation.

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More than seven years ago, teacher Matthew Sanyanga fled Zimbabwe after being beaten for standing up against Robert Mugabe's regime. He talks to Sara Dixon about the human rights abuses in his country and his dream of returning home to his family

Melvyn Roffe stands down at the end of this academic year as chairman of the Boarding Schools’ Association. The principal of Wymondham College spoke to Sara Dixon about boarding schools and the need to be positive