We generated fusions between three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs; a-, g-, and d-TIP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). We also produced soluble reporters consisting of the monomeric red fluorescent protein (RFP) and either the C-terminal vacuolar sorting signal of phaseolin or the sequence-specific sorting signal of proricin. In transgenic Arabidopsis leaves, mature roots, and root tips, all TIP fusions localized to the tonoplast of the central vacuole and both of the lumenal RFP reporters were found within TIP-delimited vacuoles. In embryos from developing, mature, and germinating seeds, all three TIPs localized to the tonoplast of protein storage vacuoles. To determine the temporal TIP expression patterns and to rule out mistargeting due to overexpression, we generated plants expressing YFP fused to the complete genomic sequences of the three TIP isoforms. In transgenic Arabidopsis, g-TIP expression was limited to vegetative tissues, but specifically excluded from root tips, whereas a-TIP was exclusively expressed during seed maturation. d-TIP was expressed in vegetative tissues, but not root tips, at a later stage than g-TIP. Our findings indicate that, in the Arabidopsis tissues analyzed, two different vacuolar sorting signals target soluble proteins to a single vacuolar location. Moreover, TIP isoform distribution is tissue and development specific, rather than organelle specific.

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Over the last years, innovative concepts of civil high-speed transportation vehicles were proposed. These vehicles have a strong potential to increase the cruise range efficiency at high Mach numbers, thanks to efficient propulsion units combined with high-lifting vehicle concepts. In this framework the Hexafly-INT project has the scope to test in free-flight conditions an innovative gliding vehicle with several breakthrough technologies on-board. This work describes the aero-thermal design processes of the Hexafly-INT Experimental Flight Test Vehicle, namely EFTV. Nomenclature Y + = non-dimensional wall distance M∞ = free-stream Mach number ε = surface emissivity Re∞ = free-stream Reynolds number Λ = wing sweep angle H0 = total enthalpy EFTV = Experimental Flight Test Vehicle FE = Finite Element