Previous research identified that studying texts in a second language (L2) as opposed to the first (L1) results in substantially weaker recall. We hypothesized that use of advance organizers (AOs) might attenuate this L2 recall cost by supporting L2 users in the construction of more solid memory representations. One hundred Dutch-English bilinguals studied two texts in either L1 or L2, and with or without the help of a mind map. The previously reported L2 cost was replicated, with lower recall scores in L2 relative to L1. Whereas L1 and L2 students were equally aided by AO use, the initial cost dissipated when comparing L2 test scores in the AO condition with those of L1 in the non-AO condition. We therefore conclude that employing AOs does not entirely diminish L2 disadvantages but brings L2 students up to the initial level of L1 students.
Structural Equation Models (SEMs) are typically estimated via Maximum Likelihood.Grounded in large sample theory, estimates are prone to finite sample bias. Although Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) can alleviate this bias, its applicability is constrained to SEMs that are mathematically equivalent to mixed e ect models. Via Monte Carlo simulations, we explored whether resampling based corrections could serve as viable, more broadly applicable alternatives. Results indicate that Bootstrap and Jackknife corrections e ectively attenuate small sample bias, at the expected expense of an increase in variability. Similar conclusions are drawn with respect to a more recently proposed analytic approach by Ozenne, Fisher, and Budtz-Jørgensen (2020), which was included for comparison. For all corrective methods, caution is advised when dealing with non-normal data and/or low reliability.
Research among bilinguals suggests a foreign language effect for various tasks requiring a more systematic processing style. For instance, bilinguals seem less prone to heuristic reasoning when solving problem statements in their foreign (FL) as opposed to their native (NL) language. The present study aimed to determine whether such an effect might also be observed in the detection of semantic anomalies. Participants were presented NL and FL questions with and without anomalies while their eye movements were recorded. Overall, they failed to detect the anomaly in more than half of the trials. Furthermore, more illusions occurred for questions presented in the FL, indicating an FL disadvantage. Additionally, eye movement analyses suggested that reading patterns for anomalies are predominantly similar across languages. Our results therefore substantiate theories suggesting that FL use induces cognitive load, causing increased susceptibility to illusions due to partial semantic processing.
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