The current study was conducted to assess the relationship between testicular cells in spermatogenesis, through which the production of healthy and mature sperm is essential. However, it seems necessary to obtain more information about the three‐dimensional pattern of the testis cells arrangement, which is directly related to the function of the testis after induction of diabetes.
Twelve adult mice (28‐30 g) were assigned into two experimental groups: (1) control and (2) diabetic (40 mg/kg STZ). The epididymal sperm collected from the tail of the epididymis and testes samples were taken for stereology, immunocytochemistry and RNA extraction. Our data showed that diabetes could notably decrease the number of testicular cells, together with a reduction of total sperm count. In addition, the results from the second‐order stereology indicated the significant changes in the spatial arrangement of Sertoli cells and spermatogonial cells in the diabetic groups, in comparison with the control (P < .05). Moreover, the immunohistochemistry results showed a significant reduction in Sex‐determining Region Y (SRY) box 9 gene (SOX9), vimentin, occludin, and connexin‐43 positive cells in the diabetic groups compared with the control (P < .05). Furthermore, our data showed that the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and peripheral benzodiazepine receptor peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) was significantly reduced in the diabetic groups, in comparison with the control (P < .05). These findings suggest that structural and functional changes of testis cells after induction of diabetes cause the alterations in the spatial arrangement of Sertoli and spermatogonial cells, ultimately influencing the normal spermatogenesis in mice.
We conclude that photobiomodulation and CM alone and or in combination significantly accelerated the healing process in a rat with a diabetic and ischemic wound, and significantly decreased the total number of mast cells and degranulation of mast cells. We suggest that the increased number of type 2 mast cells in the control group adversely affected the tensiometric properties of wounds in this group.
PBM significantly increased many stereological parameters of bone repair in an STZ-induced TIDM during catabolic response of fracture healing. Further RT-PCR test demonstrated that bone repair was modulated in diabetic rats during catabolic response of fracture healing by significant increase in mRNA expression of RUNX2, and osteocalcin compared to healthy control rats. PBM also decreased osteocalcin mRNA expression in TIDM rats.
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