Objectives Use of ultrasound in therapeutics and drug delivery has gained importance in recent years, evident by the increase in patents filed and new commercial devices launched. The present review discusses new advancements in sonophoretic drug delivery in the last two decades, and highlights important challenges still to be met to make this technology of more use in the alleviation of diseases. Key findings Phonophoretic research often suffers from poor calibration in terms of the amount of ultrasound energy emitted, and therefore current research must focus on safety of exposure to ultrasound and miniaturization of devices in order to make this technology a commercial reality. More research is needed to identify the role of various parameters influencing sonophoresis so that the process can be optimized. Establishment of long-term safety issues, broadening the range of drugs that can be delivered through this system, and reduction in the cost of delivery are issues still to be addressed. Summary Sonophoresis (phonophoresis) has been shown to increase skin permeability to various low and high molecular weight drugs, including insulin and heparin. However, its therapeutic value is still being evaluated. Some obstacles in transdermal sonophoresis can be overcome by combination with other physical and chemical enhancement techniques. This review describes recent advancements in equipment and devices for phonophoresis, new formulations tried in sonophoresis, synergistic effects with techniques such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis and electroporation, as well as the growing use of ultrasound in areas such as cancer therapy, cardiovascular disorders, temporary modification of the blood-brain barrier for delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents, hormone replacement therapy, sports medicine, gene therapy and nanotechnology. This review also lists patents pertaining to the formulations and techniques used in sonophoretic drug delivery.
There are enormous UV-protective compounds present in the current world market, out of which 98% give protection against UV-B range and the remaining 2% are potent against far UV-A range only. Furthermore, these synthetic compounds have various problems related to photo-stability and cross-stability. There is a vital need of sunscreen agents that will remain stable for prolonged periods and provide broad-spectrum protection against harmful UV range. The Indian Ocean contains large amounts of macro-algae which synthesize varied amount of mycosporine amino acids, “sun-protective compounds” by shikmic acid pathway. In the present study, we have evaluated the sunscreen protection provided by Porphyra-334, a mycosporine amino acid isolated from Indian sp. of Porphyra. Furthermore, the isolated compound was detected by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultraviolet (UV), whereas nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and infrared spectrometry were used for its structural characterization. Stability studies were performed under different storage and pH conditions. Ultimately a sunscreen formulation was developed and its potential against marketed Aloe vera gel was evaluated by in vitro sunscreen protection method. It was observed that sunscreen potential of Porphyra-334 was 5.11-fold greater than that of the marketed Aloe vera gel preparation.
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A B S T R A C TPorphyran, sulfated polysaccharide, is derived from the cell wall and intercellular regions of Porphyra and known to be closely related to agarose in its basic structure, whereas it is very different in terms of having L-galactose-6-sulfate. Besides of various physiological effects, it is having wide pharmaceutical applications. Its structure-related gelling and emulsification properties have given birth to a new polymer in polymeric science. Porphyran uses are based on their unique properties to form strong gels after desulfation in an aqueous solution. This gel results from peculiar regular chemical structures, specific ordered molecular conformations, and aggregations. Now a days, new methodologies and instruments have provided a more accurate view of the relationships between the chemical structure and the gelling characteristics of these complex hybrid and heterogeneous polysaccharides. NMR is the single most powerful technique for solving the structures of intact polysaccharides. Developments in the NMR render the determination of structural distribution of this galactan more accessible. Such techniques also yield new information on the aggregate formation of these sulfated polysaccharides. These and other data question the existence of the generally assumed intertwined double helical conformations of these galactans during gel formation. Currently, porphyran availability is not known because of several problems such as its high molecular weight and viscosity that are suppressing its growth in world market. Hence, world market needs development of this novel compound to improve its pharmaceutical applications though this is an area of algal utilization that demands more research.
The current studies entail systematic quality by design (QbD)-based development of simple, precise, cost-effective and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for estimation of ketoprofen. Analytical target profile was defined and critical analytical attributes (CAAs) were selected. Chromatographic separation was accomplished with an isocratic, reversed-phase chromatography using C-18 column, pH 6.8, phosphate buffer-methanol (50 : 50v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 258 nm. Systematic optimization of chromatographic method was performed using central composite design by evaluating theoretical plates and peak tailing as the CAAs. The method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines with parameters such as high sensitivity, specificity of the method with linearity ranging between 0.05 and 250 µg/mL, detection limit of 0.025 µg/mL and quantification limit of 0.05 µg/mL. Precision was demonstrated using relative standard deviation of 1.21%. Stress degradation studies performed using acid, base, peroxide, thermal and photolytic methods helped in identifying the degradation products in the proniosome delivery systems. The results successfully demonstrated the utility of QbD for optimizing the chromatographic conditions for developing highly sensitive liquid chromatographic method for ketoprofen.
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