BACKGROUND: The popular commercially cultivated Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom contains very high nutrients and bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract seems to be the most active in preparation. AIM: This study has an aim to compare the phytochemical analysis of a fresh, dry and ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus, to measure the total phenolic content and antioxidant activities in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus. METHODS: The fresh plant's materials (FPM), dry plants materials (DPM), ethanolic extracts were macerated with 70% (EE70) and 96% ethanol (EE96) of Pleurotus ostreatus which were used for phytochemical analysis, and EE96 was used for antioxidant activity in vitro. The phytochemical analysis was conducted using the Dragendorf and Meyer, FeCl3 test, Salkowsky method, Lieberman method, amyl alcohol, foam test and the NaOH reagent. The total phenol test was carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidant activity was tested using the ABTS and H2O2 essay. RESULTS: The phytochemical screening showed that the flavonoid, phenolic compounds, tannin, saponin, alkaloids, and steroids were detected in the FPM, DPM, EE70 and also the EE96. The alkaloid, however, was not identified by the Meyer Reagent in the FPM and DPM. The DPM and EE70 seemed to have the highest amount of saponin based on the foam that was formed. Meanwhile, steroids and flavonoids were detected at a higher level in the EE96, based on the strength of visible colour. However, triterpenoid and quinones could not be identified. In the total phenol test, there was an amount of 6.67 μg phenol in a 1 mg extract sample which was equivalent to 1 mg of Gallic Acid. The EE96 has an IC50 of 108.07 μg/mL for ABTS and an IC50 reduction of 229.17 μg/mL. The process of Pleurotus ostreatus drying did not reduce the content of active substances. The polar active substances seem to be more soluble in the EE70 than the EE96. CONCLUSION: The higher the bioactive substances in the preparation, the more significant the bio-therapeutic effects. Ethanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus has a phenol content and a good antioxidant action.

The aim of this study was to assess the bone mineral density (BMD) of premenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) on corticosteroids (CS) and to determine the influence of CS and other risk factors on BMD. A total of 98 premenopausal patients with SLE were recruited from outpatient clinics in two teaching hospitals. Risk factors for osteoporosis were determined, and BMD was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The mean age of the patients was 30.05 +/- 7.54 years. The mean dose of prednisolone at time of BMD measurement was 18.38 +/- 10.85 mg daily. Median duration of CS use was 2.5 years (range 0-20). Median cumulative dose of CS was 9.04 g (range 0.28-890.0). Six patients (6.1%) had osteoporosis, 41 (41.9%) had osteopenia and 51 (52.0%) had normal BMD. Lumbar spine T score correlated with cumulative CS dose (P = 0.019). Duration of CS intake correlated with femoral neck T score (P = 0.04) and trochanter T score (P = 0.008). There was no correlation between BMD and race, SLE Disease Activity Index score, smoking and self-reported calcium intake or exercise. Only 52% of these patients had normal BMD. The duration and cumulative dose of CS intake was significantly correlated to BMD, but not the other commonly assessed risk factors. These findings suggest that premenopausal patients with SLE on CS should have their BMD measured at regular intervals to fully assess their osteoporosis risk.

AbstrakRadikal bebas asap rokok dapat menyebabkan peroksidasi lipid dan perubahan patologis pada sel paru. Hal ini dapat dicegah oleh senyawa yang terkandung dalam jamur tiram putih (Pleurotus ostreatus), antara lain fenol, vitamin C, selenium, dan ergotien. Penelitian bertujuan untuk melihat efek ekstrak jamur tiram putih pada kadar malondialdehid (MDA) dan nilai surface density (S/V) setelah terpapar asap rokok. Metode penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dan sebagai pembanding digunakan vitamin E. Dosis ekstrak etanol jamur tiram putih adalah 250 mg/kgBB dan paparan asap rokok diberikan 30 menit/tikus/hari menggunakan smoking pump. Pada hari ke-11 perlakuan, dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar MDA darah dengan metode thiobarbituric acid assay (TBARS) dan perhitungan nilai S/V paru secara mikroskopis. Antioxidant Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on Malondialdehyde Level and Surface Density of Rat Lung Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke AbstractCigarette smoke-free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation and pathological changes in lung cells. This effect could be prevented by highly active metabolite in Pleurotus ostreatus such us fenol, ascorbid acid, selenium, and ergothiene. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the Pleurotus ostreatus extract on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and surface density (S/V) after exposure to cigarette smoke. The research used completed randomized design and á-tocopherol was used as control group. The dose of Pleurotus ostreatus ethanol extract was 250 mg/kg body weight and cigarette smoke exposure was given in 30 minutes/day for 10 days by smoking pump. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and lung surface density (S/V) were observed on day 11th. This research was done at Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hasan Sadikin Hospital on July 2009.The result showed that ethanol extract of Pleurotus ostreatus can prevent increasing level of MDA (0.4667+0.22295 nm/mL), as good as that of á-tocopherol (0,7467+0,24089 nm/mL). Ethanol extract also prevented the reduction of lung S/V (0.62283+0.4793) and it's effect was better from á-tocopherol (0.54683±0.39832), p=<0.05. In conclusion, our data shows that etanolic extract of Pleurotus ostreatus is a strong antioxidant that have better effect than á-tocopherol in preventing oxidative damage of cigarette smoke. [MKB. 2010;42(4):195-202].

Background: Evidence of highly effective repurposed drugs for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is insufficient. However, empirical therapy using antiviral, antibiotic and immunomodulatory drugs is massive. Studies evaluating the clinical use of these drugs in Indonesia are sparse. Methods: We performed a retrospective study using medical records of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from July 2020 to March 2021 in Bandung, Indonesia. Data were collected at relevant timelines: age, sex, comorbid condition, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and hematology at admission; antiviral, antibiotic, and immunomodulator treatment during hospitalization; length of stay hospitalization (LOS) and death at discharge. Clinical use of the drug regimens included dose, frequency, and duration of therapy. The main outcome of hospitalization care was LOS and death. Results: Out of 249 patients, 43.3% had a comorbid condition, 74.7% had non-severe COVID-19 (SpO2 ≥ 90%), and almost all received antiviral or antibiotic agents. Remdesivir was the most frequent drug composing various antiviral regimens. Patients receiving a combination of remdesivir and favipiravir had lower SpO2 compared to those receiving oseltamivir (p=0.01). The short LOS was associated with remdesivir alone (p=0.03), the combination of favipiravir and oseltamivir (p=0.01), and the combination of intravenous levofloxacin and ceftriaxone (p<0.0001). Immunomodulatory drugs (methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, tocilizumab) were used in 47.1% of patients with low SpO2 (p=0.001). Its use was associated with prolonged LOS (p=0.0043). The increased risk of death in patients treated with the combination of remdesivir and favipiravir (OR 4.1;95%CI 1.4-12.2), and immunomodulatory drugs (OR 6.2; 95%CI 1.7-23.3) was confounded by the baseline characteristics of older age, comorbid condition, SpO2 level, and low lymphocyte number. Conclusions: Some treatment regimens were associated with short LOS, but there were drug regimens which might increase the risk of death. Further study should control the clinical conditions of COVID-19 patients at admission to confirm the outcome of death following drug therapy.