Background: Cervical cancer, the most common malignancy among Indian women, is the second most common and fi fth most fatal cancer in women worldwide. Aim The study is aimed to determine the risk factors, incidence of cervical malignancy in women with grossly unhealthy cervix in a rural population and to get an overview of eff ectiveness of the existing screening programs. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional prospective pilot study was carried in a tertiary care hospital in a span of 6 months. A total of 300 females with grossly unhealthy cervix with suspicions of malignancy, who had never undergone cervical cytology or any other cervical neoplasia screening procedure, were included. Unaided visual inspection with Cusco's speculum was performed followed by digital examination. Clinical staging was carried out in patients according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO'S) Classifi cation. Cervical punch biopsy was taken under colposcopic guidance and histopathological examinations were done. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 15.0 (Chicago Illinois, USA) and presented as simple percentages. Results: Among 300 females, 63.4% (190/300) were aged between 40 and 59 years. Nearly, 70.7% were illiterate and 52.6% had monthly family income between Rs. 2,000 and 5,000. Majority was married and 72.7% had parity between 1 and 3 and 58.7% had early marriages. Unaided visual examination of the women showed 62.7% of them had visible growth and 48.7% of them had bleeding erosions. Visible growths along with bleeding erosions were present in 11.3% cases. Histopathological examination of cervical biopsy specimens revealed mild, moderate and severe dysplasia in 14, 22 and 36 cases, respectively. A total of 212 patients had invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Only 16 patients had normal histopathology fi ndings. Nearly, 56.61% had Stage II disease; among them 27 had Stage IIa and 33 had Stage IIb disease, 26 patients had Stage I disease. Stage IIIa and IIIb have been found in 50 and 12 cases respectively. Four cases had cancer extending to urinary bladder and rectum (Stage IVa). Conclusions: Cervical carcinoma not only has a biomedical spectrum, but also has a wide cultural and socioeconomic background. Extensive screening campaigns needs to be implemented with immediate eff ect to early diagnose cases to decrease the social burden of the disease.
Context:Maternal anxiety has an association with low birth weight. However, studies are scarce to determine any association between maternal anxiety and fetal growth.Aims:This study aims to determine the effect of maternal anxiety on fetal growth, measured by gestational age-dependent increase in fetal abdominal circumference (AC). The secondary objective is to determine the effect of maternal anxiety on other fetal parameters (biparietal diameter [BPD], head circumference [HC], femur length [FL]).Settings and Design:This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Kolkata.Materials and Methods:Four hundred and ten pregnant mothers, between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation, were interviewed with socioeconomic and obstetric profile questionnaire and examined for anthropometric profile and presence and severity of pallor. Anxiety was assessed using Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD) questionnaire. HC, AC, BPD, and FL were measured by ultrasound biometry.Analysis Used:A multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to determine the predictors of small-for-gestational-age (SGA). A robust mediation analysis was done to determine mediating effect of anxiety on gestational age-dependent increase in fetal AC.Results:Mild (odds ratio [OR]Adjusted = 6.23, [2.41, 16.15]) and moderate (ORAdjusted = 22.42, [5.00, 100.57]) anxiety was significantly associated with SGA fetus. Anxiety increased with the progression of gestation (βGAD: 0.011 [0.007–0.015]) and it had a negative effect on fetal growth (standardized indirect effect of gestational age-mediated by anxiety on AC: −0.037 [−0.059, −0.022]). Anxiety also attenuated gestational age-dependent increment of HC.Conclusion:Mother's anxiety has a gestational age-dependent temporally incremental negative effect on fetal growth and brain development.
Anaemia is an extremely prevalent condition common in all human of all ages, living in all condition and continents. It has got serious consequences for both the human health as well as the socioeconomic status of the country). Globally, 50% of anemia is attributable to iron deficiency and accounts for approximately 841,000 deaths annually worldwide. According to Ayurveda as well as in modern system of medicine has accepted that Aharaja nidan (diet & regimen) and Viharaja (lifestyle factors) are plays an important role in pathogenesis of Pandu (anaemia). The aim of the study was to identify those factors among the age group 10 to 60 years and to create the awareness to the community in the future. A cross sectional survey study was conducted in 120 patients of Pandu attending the OPD & IPD of Shyamadas Vaidya shastra pith hospital in Kolkata West Bengal, irrespective of their sex, religions & economic status through collecting data by questionnaires and they have been observed on dietary, physical, and psychological factors. The obtaining data revealed that especially female participants, rural as well as urban people, people from low & middle economic status were suffering from Pandu due to inadequate, improper intake of Aharaja & Viraja nidan. After evaluation of these factors, it can be concluded that, Aharaja & Viharaja nidan had been justified in the pathogenesis of Pandu which was depicted in different Ayurvedic compendium & about the scenario of Nidan in this particular population were suffering from Pandu.
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