Abstract-For a realistic multi-area interconnected power system model with different generating units (reheat, non-reheat and hydro generating units) and real time different system parameters, design and analysis of load frequency control (LFC) are executed using new and unique chaotic exponential PSO (CHEPSO) algorithm. Considering both transient and steady-state specifications with proper weighting factors, four objective functions are formulated for practical LFC model with nonlinear security constraints such as generation rate constraint (GRC), governor dead band (GDB) and time delay. In the context of reliable convergence, multiple solutions, improvement of both transient and steady state performances, the performance of the proposed CHEPSO technique is compared with other techniques like real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA), general PSO (GPSO) and exponential PSO (EPSO) techniques. The proposed technique gives the best performances for all cases.Keyword -Chaotic local search, Chaotic exponential particle swarm optimization, Security constraints, Realistic LFC system, Multiple solutions
I. INTRODUCTIONThe dynamic of the power system changes due to load variation, disturbances and/or changing operating conditions. This leads to abrupt changes in frequency and inter area tie line power which make the power system most unreliable and unstable. Hence, the frequency and voltage profile of the power system will deviate from the normal operating condition. For successful operation under abnormal condition, the mismatch between generation and demand has to be corrected by applying suitable control strategy. Load frequency control (LFC) is an effective mechanism in power system operation and control for minimizing the mismatches and supplying good quality of electric power with sufficient reliability [1]. The primary objectives of the LFC are maintaining the frequency and tie line power at schedule values, improving the power system performance by making zero steady state error (SSE), minimum overshoot (M p ) and minimum settling time (t s ).Over the years, several control strategies had been successfully used to address the LFC design problems in order to improve the dynamic performance of the power system. Among the various controller used so far, the most widely used controller is the conventional proportional integral (PI) controller [1]. Though it has simple structure and easy implementation, it is failed to achieve the expected result for large scale interconnected power system. Therefore, a lot of control design approaches based on modern control theory like decentralized robust, adaptive and optimal control methods had been employed to LFC design [2]-[6]. All the above mentioned conventional control methodologies are model specific and designed for specific type of disturbances. Moreover, the order of the controllers becomes high as that of the plant. The dynamic of the power system is highly nonlinear. The nonlinearities present in the system are generation rate constraint (GRC), governor dead band (GDB) and...
The graphical design methodology for designing two loop lateral missile autopilot has been proposed. The design methodology enables to find out graphically maximum attainable autopilot gain cross over frequency and the corresponding set of control gains. This method may be used to choose the possible phase margin and gain margin pairs and feasibility of obtaining the control gains for any user specifications on phase margin and gain margin. The step by step design algorithm has been given in detail and illustrated with one numerical example.
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