Conservation of historic buildings demands a special assessment method to ensure there is no damage to the existing structures. This concept must be adopted by all architects, engineers and technicians involved in historic building conservation.Floor and roof timber construction was widely extended in the vernacular buildings at Valencia. Floors were built usually by using timber joists, separated at 70 cm each, and with brick vaults between them. Timber roof structures consisted of rafters and rows for pitched roofs, with slopes inferior to 30º.A research group at the Polytechnic University of Valencia [1] has developed a NDT method of assessment of timber structures applied to the historic heritage. "Villa Ivonne", a traditional building located at Meliana, close to Valencia (Spain) with timber roofs. It was used as a case study in which this method of assessment was applied. Besides the NDT measurements, visual inspection was done and its building timber structure system and pathology was studied. In this paper the NDT method is presented, by using ultrasonic, micro drilling and wood hardener devices. From the conclusions of these studies, pathology causes can be identified, and the subsequent repairs can be proposed.
Concrete is a quite recent material in the history of architecture. However, there are a large number of buildings whose structure consists on this material nowadays. Despite its excellent performance, concrete has a useful lifetime. When this time comes to its end, the structural element needs to be treated, repaired or replaced. We are getting to the point at which many of the concrete constructions are reaching, or already surpassing, the useful lifetime of the material. At this point, the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) takes on importance, appearing on the market as a modern and high performance tool, in terms of structural reinforcement of the concrete. Nevertheless, this relatively new system presents yet some aspects to study and research, such as its long-term behaviour under extreme conditions. This is the departure point of our research, focused on the response of the CFRP system, both fiber and matrix, to adverse temperature conditions. This high and maintained temperature can be reached in places such as structures undergone to large periods of solar radiation around Equator latitudes, machinery installations enclosures which generate high temperatures focused on specific points, and brief small fires, among other situations, which surpass the maximum service temperature recommended by the manufacturers. In order to study this influence, a comparison of the compressive strengths of three groups of standard concrete test specimens has been carried out. Each group consisted of three cylindrical specimens, all manufactured on the same date. The first two groups were tested after their 28 day curing in chamber: one of them without any confinement and the other with CFRP sheet applied according to the manufacturer's specifications. The third group of specimens spent 90 days on a climatic chamber subjected to a temperature of 75°C, above the maximum temperature recommended by the manufacturer, 50°C. This third group was tested 388 days after their manufacture. In order to obtain a reliable basis on which to compare the effective strength provided by the deteriorated CFRP, it was needed to calculate the acquisition of theoretical strength that the concrete would have reached after the mentioned period of time without any added reinforcement. With all the results, it is possible to conclude that, after this period of heat attack, despite having produced an aesthetic degradation of the CFRP sheets, most of the compressive strength of the specimens remains.
Resumen Las termas romanas de Mura, localizadas en la ciudad romana de Edeta (Llíria), conjuntamente con el santuario oracular colindante y diversas dependencias como tabernas, hospicios y tiendas, constituyen uno de los ejemplos más interesantes de la arquitectura termal de la Hispania Citerior, dentro del Conventus Tarraconensis. Estas termas forman parte de uno de los complejos termales más grandes documentados hasta la fecha en toda la península, distribuyendo en un total de 3.600 m2, un espacio polifuncional con unas termas dobles con palestra porticada siguiendo los modelos pompeyanos. En estos edificios termales el agua y el fuego son utilizados con una gran destreza y pericia constructiva para desarrollar un complejo sistema de calefacción mediante espacios entre los muros y conductos entre las bóvedas, consiguiendo un óptimo y eficiente uso de los materiales y de la energía calorífica que se transmite a través de los mismos. Los materiales y sistemas constructivos se han podido estudiar con detalle gracias a las distintas campañas de excavaciones arqueológicas iniciadas en 1971 y sobre todo a la última intervención arquitectónica finalizada en el año 2014, cuyo objetivo ha sido conservar y consolidar los restos arquitectónicos del edificio y adecuarlos para una puesta en valor digna, acorde con la envergadura del yacimiento. Durante los años 2014-2017, los trabajos de investigación desarrollados para obtener la tesis doctoral dentro del programa de doctorado en arquitectura, edificación, urbanística y paisaje de la UPV (Tormo, 2017), han permitido ampliar los conocimientos técnicos y adaptar su arquitectura a modelos informáticos capaces de simular el funcionamiento y el comportamiento térmico de todo el edificio. Las conclusiones son sorprendentes ya que estipulan por primera vez, la apertura secuencial de los sistemas de comunicación entre las salas y sus conductos de comunicación entre los hornos y el exterior para un correcto funcionamiento de la instalación. Abstract The Roman baths of Mura, located in the Roman city of Edeta (Llíria), together with the adjacent oracular sanctuary and various outhouses such as taverns, hospices and shops, constitute one of the most interesting examples of the thermal architecture of Hispania Citerior, within of the Conventus Tarraconensis. These thermal baths are part of one of the largest thermal complexes documented to date in the entire peninsula, distributing in a total of 3,600 m2, a polyfunctional space with double hot springs with porticoed patio following the Pompeian models. In these thermal buildings water and fire are used with great skill and constructive expertise to develop a complex heating system through spaces between the walls and ducts between the vaults, achieving an optimal and efficient use of materials and heat energy that is transmitted through them. The materials and construction systems have been studied in detail thanks to the various archaeological excavation campaigns begun in 1971 and especially to the last architectural intervention completed in 2014, whose objective has been to conserve and consolidate the architectural remains of the building and adapt them for a worthy valorization, according to the size of the deposit. During the years 2014-2017, the research works developed to obtain the doctoral thesis within the doctoral program in architecture, building, urban planning and landscape of the UPV (Tormo, 2017), have allowed to expand the technical knowledge and adapt its architecture to computer models able to simulate the functioning and thermal behavior of the entire building. The conclusions are surprising since they stipulate for the first time, the sequential opening of the communication systems between the rooms and their communication channels between the ovens and the outside for a correct operation of the installation.
The application of non-destructive methods for architectural heritage knowledge is of extreme importance, in order to avoid producing irreparable damage. The methods to gain this knowledge should be complementary to other types of studies and tests, to make the approach to the building easier. The detection of previous openings of doors and windows, walls that have been demolished and later disguised under the mortar coatings, allows interpretation to act in those points if necessary, without affecting the conservation of the original coatings that the building presents. It is possible to arrive at this aim by using infrared thermography (IRT), as this research group has applied it successfully in some historic buildings. Some samples have been prepared in the laboratory, consisting of bricks coated with different types of mortars hiding iron plates. Later, IRT images of these samples were captured. These images were compared with those IRT images captured of the facades of an existing building. Conclusions were reached from this experience that could be extended to other situations.
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