The optimum extraction conditions for integral use of Phaseolus lunatus seed, in alkaline medium, are 1:6 (w/v) flour:water ratio, pH 11 and a 1 h extraction time. Three main fractions were produced under these conditions: starch; protein isolate and fibrous residue by-product. The yield is 288.4 g kg −1 starch, 188.2 g kg −1 protein isolate and the remaining quantity, fibrous residue. The starch has 98.4% purity, a 75 • C gelatinization temperature and high syneresis even at high concentrations. It also has high viscosity, good stability and middle retrogradation during the heating-cooling cycle. The protein isolate contains 711.3 g kg −1 protein as well as 75.5 g lysine kg −1 protein, 10.1 g methionine kg −1 protein and 12.2 g tryptophan kg −1 protein. Its in vitro digestibility is 79% with a 2.5 c-PER. The fibrous residue contains 63 g kg −1 of protein, 328.4 g kg −1 of crude fiber and 567.3 g kg −1 of NFE.

Bioactive compounds from vegetal sources are a potential source of natural antifungic. An ethanol extraction was used to obtain bioactive compounds from Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol leaves and seeds of discarded ripe and unripe fruit. Both, extraction time and the papaya tissue flour:organic solvent ratio significantly affected yield, with the longest time and highest flour:solvent ratio producing the highest yield. The effect of time on extraction efficiency was confirmed by qualitative identification of the compounds present in the lowest and highest yield extracts. Analysis of the leaf extract with phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes. Antifungal effectiveness was determined by challenging the extracts (LE, SRE, SUE) from the best extraction treatment against three phytopathogenic fungi: Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The leaf extract exhibited the broadest action spectrum. The MIC(50) for the leaf extract was 0.625 mg ml(-1) for Fusarium spp. and >10 mg ml(-1) for C. gloeosporioides, both equal to approximately 20% mycelial growth inhibition. Ethanolic extracts from Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol leaves are a potential source of secondary metabolites with antifungal properties.

Results show that J. curcas represents a good source of bioactive peptides. This may be important for the revalorization of defatted J. curcas flour, a by-product resulting form oil extraction for biodiesel production. This is especially important in Third World and developing countries such as Mexico.

No abstract

Physicochemical, functional and digestibility analyses were done of dehydrated quail egg white to determine its possible practical applications. Quail egg white was dehydrated by air convection using one of two temperatures and times: M1 (65˚C, 3.5 h), M2 (65˚C, 5.0 h), M3 (70˚C, 3.5 h) and M4 (70˚C, 5.0 h). Lyophilized quail egg white was used as a standard. All four air-dried treatments had good protein levels (92.56% to 93.96%), with electrophoresis showing the predominant proteins to be lysozyme, ovalbumin and ovotransferin. Denaturation temperatures ranged from 81.16˚C to 83.85˚C and denaturation enthalpy values from 5.51 to 9.08 J/g. Treatments M1-4 had lower water-holding (0.90-2.95 g/g) and oil-holding (0.92-1.01 g/g) capacities than the lyophilized treatment (4.5 g/g, 1.95 g/g, respectively). Foaming capacity was pH-dependent in all five treatments, with the lowest values at alkaline pH and the highest (153% to 222%) at acid pH (pH 2). Foam stability was lowest at acid pH and highest at alkaline pH. Emulsifying activity in the air-dried treatments was highest at pH 8 (41%-46%). Emulsion stability was pH-dependent and highest in M3 between pH 2 and 4 (96.16% to 95.74%, respectively). In the air-dried treatments, in vitro protein digestibility was as high as 83.02% (M3).