Since the early 1990's, grapefruit juice has been implicated in drug interaction with various furanocoumarins (FCs) now associated with the effect. Although FCs are present in various fruits and vegetables, it is their presence in grapefruit that has attracted the most attention. Studies have shown that FCs in grapefruit juice can vary significantly and from multiple causes. Most of all, FCs are stress-induced molecules, their levels affected by many factors ranging from UV exposure to insect infestation. There are also varietal and seasonal factors. In this study, juice processing and storage parameters were investigated. Prolonged fruit storage prior to processing and most steps involved in juice processing had little influence on the levels of 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), paradisin C, or bergamottin. However, products that were hot filled or stored at room temperature had lower amounts of DHB and paradisin C and higher amounts of bergaptol compared to juices that were not hot filled and stored at refrigerated temperatures. Both DHB and paradisin C are potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, while bergaptol is a very weak inhibitor. Bergamottin amounts decreased to a lesser extent. Therefore, grapefruit juice products that were hot filled or have been stored at room temperature for an extended period of time will have a reduced drug interaction potential.
Grapefruit juice and grapefruit pulp wash were ultrafiltered and debittered with a pilot system. The flow rate through the membrane increased with the transmembrane pressure up to 137.8 kPa. Limonin in grapefruit juice and grapefruit pulp wash was completely removed. The debittering process was tested at 13, 27 and 48°C. Limonin removal efficiency was independent of temperature between 13 and 48°C. However the resin column was exhausted more rapidly for naringin, narirutin, hesperidin, and neohesperidin particularly at 13°C. Taste panel results suggested that debittering of grapefruit pulp wash appreciably increased its flavor acceptability.
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