In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major sources of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation.

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Highlights:• Biochar and digestate were tested as novel sorbents for biopurification systems.• Digestate and biochar mixture enhanced the sorption coefficient by a factor of >50.• Hydrophobic pesticides exhibited >25 fold higher Kd/Koc values than hydrophilic ones.• Desorption was hysteretic (H≥0.001) for biochar and digestate based soil biomixtures.• Mixture of 5 % Biochar and (5 and 30 %) digestate-soil are the most suitable sorbents. AbstractPesticide pollution caused by point or diffuse sources may lead to the contamination of ground and surface water. Biobed or biofilter systems are commonly used on farm to treat pesticide remnants and filled with organic materials (soil, peat and straw).The objective of this study was to assess the sorption-desorption potential of three contrasting pesticides (bentazone, boscalid, and pyrimethanil) on novel biofilter materials based on bioenergy residues (mixtures of soil with digestate and/or biochar) in laboratory batch equilibrium experiments.The results showed that the biomixture of digestate and biochar with soil increased pesticides sorption potential and the 1/ndes values were lower than the 1/nads values indicating that the desorption was hysteretic for all pesticides on these materials. However, unlike sorption there was no statistically significant difference between the biochar and the digestate mixtures for pesticides desorption (p>0.05; t-test). The adsorption and desorption of all the chemicals conformed to linear and Freundlich isotherms. A higher values of distribution coefficient [Kd (>78 L kg -1 )] and sorption coefficient [Kf (>900 µg 1-1/n L 1/n kg -1 )] were observed for all pesticides for the digestate and biochar based mixtures compared to the blank soil, which was attributed to the lower organic carbon content of the blank soil. Specific UV-absorbances at 254 nm (SUVA254) indicated the aromatic character of digestate (5%) and biochar (5%) biomixture, which showed highest organic-carbon-partition coefficient (Koc) values among all biomixtures for all pesticides. Therefore, these biomixtures were found to be the most promising substrates amongst the tested ones for a biobed setup and can be used as an effective and alternative adsorbents for removing pesticides.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a neoteric virus belonging to the beta coronavirus class has created a global health concern, responsible for an outbreak of severe acute respiratory illness, the COVID-19 pandemic. Infected hosts exhibit diverse clinical features, ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms in their genital organs, respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. Considering the high transmissibility (R 0 : ≤6.0) compared to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV, the quest for the clinical development of suitable antiviral nanotherapeutics (NTPs) is incessant. We are presenting a systematic review of the literature published between 2003 and 2020 to validate the hypothesis that the pharmacokinetics, collateral acute/chronic side effects of nano drugs and spike proteins arrangement of coronaviruses can revolutionize the therapeutic approach to cure COVID-19. Our aim is also to critically assess the slow release kinetics and specific target site chemical synthesis influenced competence of NTPs and nanotoxicity based antiviral actions, which are commonly exploited in the synthesis of modulated nanomedicines. The pathogenesis of novel virulent pathogens at the cellular and molecular levels are also considered, which is of utmost importance to characterize the emerging nano-drug agents as diagnostics or therapeutics or viral entry inhibitors. Such types of approaches trigger the scientists and policymakers in the development of a conceptual framework of nano-biotechnology by linking nanoscience and virology to present a smart molecular diagnosis/treatment for pandemic viral infections.

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