Many microorganisms have plant growth-promoting activity and biocontrol activity, which is mainly imparted by their metabolic potential to the produced hydrolytic enzyme, such as proteases. The hydrolytic enzymes, especially alkalophilic proteases produced by many bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes can be used as potential biocontrol agent against many plant pathogens. Proteases found to be resistant to extreme conditions and are showing great ability to inhibit and eradicate detrimental parasite, which create intensity to improve their performance in field conditions. Protease production can be accessed qualitatively and quantitatively, employing numerous methodology. Skim Milk Agar (SMA) is a widely adopted method for initial screening but the modified procedure of SMA is more advantageous than the conventional as it can be helpful in the precise determination of proteases by slow growing and fast-growing fungi with fairness.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain KCP2 was isolated from municipal food waste samples collected in Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India. Strain KCP2 is noteworthy due to its ability to produce a thermostable, alkaliphilic a-amylase and a protease. These enzymes have importance in several industrial processes including bread making, brewing, starch processing, pharmacy, and textile industries. Whole genome sequencing of strain KCP2 showed that the estimated genome size was 3.9 Mb, the G ? C content was 46%, and it coded for 4113 genes.
Cyanobacteria are the most abundant autotrophic organisms found in a diverse environment. These bacteria are best known for fixing the free atmospheric nitrogen, producing organic substances, and maintaining the soil structure. Moreover, they are used as food, fertilizers, secondary metabolites, including exopolysaccharides, vitamins, toxins, enzymes, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment. Though they have a broad range of applications, the most challenging part is the cultivation and handling of cyanobacteria cultures. The most important criteria to keep in mind while performing isolation and purification of cyanobacteria are specific site selection, appropriate media, incubation time, temperature, and light. This protocol chapter provides detailed information for isolation, production, and identification of cyanobacteria.
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