Awareness of breast cancer has been increasing due to early detection, but the advanced disease has limited treatment options. There has been growing evidence on the role of miRNAs involved in regulating the resistance in several cancers. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on the role of miRNAs in influencing the chemoresistance and sensitivity of breast cancer. A bibliographic search was performed in PubMed and Science Direct based on the search strategy, and studies published until December 2018 were retrieved. The eligible studies were included based on the selection criteria, and a detailed systematic review and meta-analysis were performed based on PRISMA guidelines. A random-effects model was utilised to evaluate the combined effect size of the obtained hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals from the eligible studies. Publication bias was assessed with Cochran’s Q test, I2 statistic, Orwin and Classic fail-safe N test, Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation test, Duval and Tweedie trim and fill calculation and the Egger’s bias indicator. A total of 4584 potential studies were screened. Of these, 85 articles were eligible for our systematic review and meta-analysis. In the 85 studies, 188 different miRNAs were studied, of which 96 were upregulated, 87 were downregulated and 5 were not involved in regulation. Overall, 24 drugs were used for treatment, with doxorubicin being prominently reported in 15 studies followed by Paclitaxel in 11 studies, and 5 drugs were used in combinations. We found only two significant HR values from the studies (miR-125b and miR-4443) and our meta-analysis results yielded a combined HR value of 0.748 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.508–1.100; p-value of 0.140. In conclusion, our results suggest there are different miRNAs involved in the regulation of chemoresistance through diverse drug genetic targets. These biomarkers play a crucial role in guiding the effective diagnostic and prognostic efficiency of breast cancer. The screening of miRNAs as a theragnostic biomarker must be brought into regular practice for all diseases. We anticipate that our study serves as a reference in framing future studies and clinical trials for utilising miRNAs and their respective drug targets.
This research article intends to discuss on the role and effects of dispersing solution combustion derived magnesia nanoflakes (~17 nm) within the biodiesel-diesel blends and pure diesel termed as nanofuels, in order to investigate the functional and pollutant emissions of a single-cylinder, electrically loaded, water-cooled diesel engine. The fuels focussed in this study are a blend of palm oil biodiesel and regular diesel dispersed with 50 ppm magnesia nanoflakes, and a pure diesel dispersed with 50 ppm magnesia nanoflakes. These fuels are compared with regular diesel which is considered as the base reference fuel, as well as with the biodiesel-diesel blend. From the experimental measurements, we inferred that the fuel density, viscous nature, and calorific value enhanced with the addition of nanoflakes. As for the engine performance attributes, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is lessened by 3.08% and 2.88% for particle dispersed biodiesel-diesel blend and particle dispersed diesel, respectively, whereas the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) enhances by 5.04% for particle dispersed biodiesel-diesel blend and 2.74% for particle dispersed diesel. With reference to emission, the unburnt hydrocarbon (UHC), white damp (CO), particulate exhaust or smoke, and the nitrogen oxides (NOx) are reduced by 9.51%, 18.71%, 13.64%, and 5.63%, respectively for particle dispersed biodiesel-diesel blend and 10.35%, 16.54%, 13.64%, 19.47%, and 4.70%, respectively for particle dispersed diesel.
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