Concrete-filled steel tube structures have experienced rapid development in recent decades. Simplified methods have been proposed in design codes, such as BS EN 1994-1-1:2004 (Eurocode 4), Mander and co-workers, as well as Lu and Zhao, have proposed a simplified model to determine the load-bearing capacity of concrete-filled steel tubular columns. This paper presents an analysis of the test results of 311 specimens of axially loaded, concrete-filled steel tube circular columns available from the literature with length/diameter (L) ratio greater than 4. The test results are compared with international design codes and equations. A comparative study of the variable parameters such as concrete compressive strength, yield strength of steel and diameter/thickness (D) ratio is also presented. Their influence on the estimation of ultimate load capacity of concrete-filled steel tube columns and their impact on the proposed design codes and theoretical equations are analysed.
2 3Fly ash particles consist of silica, alumina, oxides of iron, oxides of calcium, oxides of magnesium and toxic heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, cobalt and copper. In this research, an adopted new experimental method was found to be innovative and worked better to treat the textile effluent, a treatment in which the fly ash was effectively used as a colour adsorbent. The sludge -that is the colour adsorbed fly ash (CAF) -was then used in the preparation of the concrete by partially replacing the cement. The major advantage of using packed column set-up method with fly ash as an adsorbent is that one waste material (the fly ash) is used to treat another waste material (textile-processed effluent). CAF concrete and CAF reinforced cement concrete (RCC) beams with polypropylene fibres (CPPST) are
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.