The supplementary or alternative material to cement has been an emerging field in civil engineering. The concrete ingredients have become modern due to the need for reducing global warming and material scarcity problem. Fly ash is used to replace cement partially in concrete, therefore the concrete mix has changed their characteristics as obtained by normal concrete. The proper investigation always required for performance measurement and to measure the fresh concrete property, the slump cone test, and compaction factor test are the tool. The Slump Test has become the most frequently performed due to the practicality of the recommended equipment and the experiment protocol. The slump test involves the cone’s behavior under the action of gravitational forces. The slump check is a realistic way to gauge the workability. The concrete slump test and compaction factor test are used to determine the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. This paper has focused on testing the 54 mixes having various water-cm ratios like 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.45, and 0.4. Fly ash material possesses satisfactory workability properties due to their similar oxide compositions. Due to the fineness of fly ash, less bleeding observed than control concretes.
A shear wall becomes weak when an opening is provided in it. It is important to provide some arrangement in the shear wall having an opening for recovering strength loss due to the opening. It may be recovered by providing some steel profiles around the opening or at weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening. At first, the identification of weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening is important and then, the wall can be made stronger as the shear wall without an opening by strengthening weaker sections. In the present study, the performance of a shear wall having an opening subjected to horizontal cyclic loading along the plane of the shear wall in the presence of concealed stiffeners is investigated. The reduced models of shear walls with openings were tested under axial and lateral load conditions. Load-carrying capacity, deformation behavior and strain behavior of shear walls were studied with experiments and the validation of the results was made with general-purpose finite element software ANSYS. Significant improvements were observed in strength, deformation and strain behavior of a shear wall having a central opening using concealed reinforced concrete (RC) stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners. KEYWORDS: Shear wall, Strength, Stiffness, Strain, Openings, Stiffeners.
Seismic strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) members is a method of improving their existing capacity to withstand seismic forces. The process typically includes strengthening of RC structural members such beams, columns, slabs, footings, beam-column junctions, etc. to improve the axial, flexure, and shear capacity. Experiences during the recent earthquakes and changes in Indian Standards made it essential to carry out structural audit of buildings. The buildings, which do not comply with the recent Code provisions have to be reconstructed or to be strengthened to achieve the desired capacity level. Reconstruction of such buildings will consume time and money. In addition, evacuation of such buildings for reconstruction is a difficult task. In this paper an attempt has been made to focus on the seismic strengthening of structural members of RC buildings which are designed to only gravity loads or the structures designed prior to release of new building Codes. This paper covers a brief introduction of conventional methods of strengthening followed by an introduction of advanced FRP composite materials and techniques of retrofitting for existing RC buildings. Finally, it is concluded that the advanced FRP composite materials and recent innovative methods can more advantageously used for seismic strengthening of RC buildings.
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