Interfacial mechanical properties are important in composite materials and their applications, including vehicle structures, soft robotics, and aerospace. Determination of traction–separation (T–S) relations at interfaces in composites can lead to evaluations of structural reliability, mechanical robustness, and failures criteria. Accurate measurements on T–S relations remain challenging, since the interface interaction generally happens at microscale. With the emergence of machine learning (ML), data-driven model becomes an efficient method to predict the interfacial behaviors of composite materials and establish their mechanical models. Here, we combine ML, finite element analysis (FEA), and empirical experiments to develop data-driven models that characterize interfacial mechanical properties precisely. Specifically, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) multi-output regressions and classifier models are harnessed to investigate T–S relations and identify the imperfection locations at interface, respectively. The ML models are trained by macroscale force–displacement curves, which can be obtained from FEA and standard mechanical tests. The results show accurate predictions of T–S relations (R2 = 0.988) and identification of imperfection locations with 81% accuracy. Our models are experimentally validated by 3D printed double cantilever beam specimens from different materials. Furthermore, we provide a code package containing trained ML models, allowing other researchers to establish T–S relations for different material interfaces.
Helena Grunfeld has over 30 years of experience in the ICT sector. Her research interests focus on understanding how ICTs can contribute to development, particularly related to capabilities, empowerment and sustainable livelihoods. Roger Harris has a PhD in Information Systems from the City University of Hong Kong and works in Asia as a consultant, researcher and advocate for the use of ICTs in rural development and poverty reduction. Md. Nabid Alam is a graduate of University of Dhaka and majored in Management Information Systems. Sanjida Ferdousi is Research Assistant at Brainstorm Bangladesh and works in the fields of ICT for underprivileged communities and rural development. Bushra Tahseen Malik is Researcher in the field of development economics and market analysis.The interest of the World Bank, various agencies of the United Nations and other donor organisations, which in the past supported information and communication technology for development (IcT4D) initiatives under the broad telecentre umbrella, seems to be waning somewhat. There are several reasons for this lack of interest. With the increasing ubiquity of mobile services, those who considered telecentres useful, mainly because of the connectivity they provided, may no longer see a need for them. Many initiatives were considered failures, as they were not financially sustainable beyond the initial funding period. There was also a lack of adequate evaluations to show whether and how these centres had contributed to development objectives. While there are several evaluations of shared facilities, there is no generally recognised framework for such appraisals, which exhibit various approaches, derived from different disciplines, mainly from information systems and to a more limited extent from development studies. Approaching an evaluation of an IcT4D project in a rural setting in Bangladesh from a development perspective, this study, which is informed by the seminal work of Amartya Sen (2001), "Development as Freedom" (DaF), adopts an interpretive qualitative research style and illustrates the importance of understanding the local context. Our findings demonstrate that the two IcT interventions studied in this research had significant impacts on the five freedoms espoused in DaF.
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