Jean-Martin Charcot is known as father of modern neurology. Before him, neurology was only limited to select disorders like chorea. His contributions were not limited to neurology only, as he was instrumental in many new developments in the field of pathology, psychiatry, and internal medicine. Even after 100 years, Charcot`s clinical methods remain the pillar of modern neurology.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive trait of genetic hemoglobin disorder whose prevalence is varied from 5 to 25 % of the world population. It is characterized by the presence of hemoglobin (HbS) instead of normal hemoglobin (HbA). An individual suffering from sickle cell disease is likely to be at risk of osteonecrosis which is a form of ischemic bone infarction which causes intolerable degenerative joint problems and can affect 30-50% of people with sickle cell disease. The femoral head is the most frequent epiphyseal location in osteonecrosis with sickle cell disease. In this review, the Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-a subfamily of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) characteristics, outlined the osteoblastogenesis potentiality via using combinatorial or advanced treatment approaches. In this review, we aim to describe the Bone morphogenetic proteins' role in Skeleton diseases and discuss the potent osteogenic BMPs (majorly BMP-2, BMP-6, and BMP-7) with therapeutic benefits.
Introduction:
There is a risk of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV)infection to the newborn through perinatal transmission from a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mother that can later cause liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. This study was undertaken in a primary health center (PHC)in the Patna district to determine the prevalence of HBV among pregnant women and assess their knowledge across different characteristics.
Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was done among 275 pregnant women attending the PHC for the first time, using consecutive sampling. The study duration was 12 months. Socioeconomic, obstetric, risk history, and levels of knowledge about hepatitis B were collected followed by rapid diagnostic test (RDT)for serum HBsAg. Univariate analysis was used to compare the knowledge levels across different background characteristics. The significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results:
Hepatitis B-positive pregnant women were 0.4%. Out of the 275 participants, only 43 had heard about hepatitis B. The mean knowledge score was 0.65 (±1.73) with 1.45% having adequate knowledge. The knowledge score was significant across education (
P
0.040), category (
P
0.022), hepatitis B immunization status (
P
0.003), and risk factor (
P
0.039).
Conclusion:
Knowledge was higher in the literate women belonging to the general category and higher social class, who received hepatitis B vaccination. However, the overall level of knowledge among the pregnant women was very poor, so they should be targeted for quality health education. Additionally, identifying the afflicted pregnant women through point-of-contact diagnosis will aid in community prevention of chronic hepatitis B.
INTRODUCTION: HIV/AIDS are a major concern of health care professionals all over the world. Adolescent age group remains a focus group for I.E.C. activities regarding HIV/AIDS as they pass through a phase of experimentation and initiation of sexual activities. As new entrant medical students also form a part of this vulnerable section, their knowledge assessment about HIV/AIDS will help us in planning for teaching related to these issues. OBJECTIVE: Objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students about HIV/AIDS and to compare the knowledge and attitude of MBBS students towards HIV/AIDS with increase years of study. STUDY DESIGN: cross-sectional. SETTING: MAMC, Agroha. PARTICIPANTS: 92 Medical students, of which 47 were from 1 st Year and 45 from 4 th year. METHODS: A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was administered to the students after having obtained their informed consent. All the questions were explained and all queries were clarified. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Simple Percentage and Chi squire. RESULTS: All the respondents had heard about HIV/AIDS. There were some misconceptions among the students like; HIV can spread through kissing, polluted air, sharing bed/clothes and mosquito bite. With regards to the attitude of students towards HIV/ AIDS, the percentage of students who believed that they have the right to refuse treatment to a HIV patient was significantly decreased with the increase in the years of study. Percentage of knowledge regarding all the methods of prevention is significantly increases from 74.5% to 95.6% with the increase in the years of study. Most common source of information regarding HIV/AIDS was television followed by textbooks, newspaper, friends/family members, radio, hoardings, and health personnel. CONCLUSION: The health care sector has generally been the most conspicuous context for HIV/AIDS related discrimination, stigma and denial. So the young doctors need to be adequately trained regarding all issues pertaining to prevention and control of HIV/AIDS.
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