Supramolecular cup-shaped lipoprotein structures called porosomes embedded in the cell plasma membrane mediate fractional release of intravesicular contents from cells during secretion. The presence of porosomes, have been documented in many cell types including neurons, acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas, GH-secreting cells of the pituitary, and insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Functional reconstitution of porosomes into artificial lipid membranes, have also been accomplished. Earlier studies on mouse insulin-secreting Min6 cells report 100-nm porosome complexes composed of nearly 30 proteins. In the current study, porosomes have been functionally reconstituted for the first time in live cells. Isolated Min6 porosomes reconstituted into live Min6 cells demonstrate augmented levels of porosome proteins and a consequent increase in the potency and efficacy of glucose-stimulated insulin release. Elevated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion 48 hours after reconstitution, reflects on the remarkable stability and viability of reconstituted porosomes, documenting the functional reconstitution of native porosomes in live cells. These results, establish a new paradigm in porosome-mediated insulin secretion in β-cells.
BACKGROUND
It has been theorized that 75%-80% of febrile neutropenia (FN) is caused by endogenous pathogens, while up to 20% of cases are thought to be caused by a viral infection. It is unknown if precautions such as masking and social distancing reduce the risk of FN in susceptible populations.
AIM
To determine whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection mitigation efforts, namely masking and social distancing, were associated with a reduction in the incidence of FN.
METHODS
This was a retrospective population based cohort study comparing the incidence of FN in the 13 mo prior to (Year 0) and 13 mo following (Year 1) the public health executive orders (PHEO) in Michigan. Data was queried for all emergency department (ED) visits from April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2021 from the National Syndromic Surveillance Program, a program which collects data that is voluntarily submitted by approximately 89% of Michigan EDs. The primary study outcome was the incidence of FN as a proportion of ED visits in the 13-mo before and 13-mo after COVID-19 mitigations efforts, namely masking and social distancing. We hypothesized that there would be a significant decrease in the incidence of FN in the period following the PHEO aimed at reducing the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus.
RESULTS
There was a total of 8979221 total ED visits captured during the study period. In Year 0 there were 5073081 recorded ED visits and 3906140 in Year 1. There was a significant reduction in the proportion of total ED visits with a diagnosis of FN, decreasing 13.3% across periods (0.15%
vs
0.13%,
P
= 0.036). In patients with a hematologic malignancy a more impressive reduction in the incidence of FN was evident following PHEO (22%
vs
17%,
P
= 0.02).
CONCLUSION
We found a significant association between social distancing and mask guidelines implemented on a large public scale with decreased rates of FN, particularly in those with a hematologic malignancy. These findings may be useful in the design of future research and recommendations regarding the prevention of FN.
The current study was carried out at Central Research Farm, SHUATS, Naini, Prayagraj, U.P during kharif season of 2021. Two applications of seven insecticides were used against Eariasvittellaand the resultsrevealed that Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC had the lowest percent of shoot and fruit infestation with 11.71% and 11.96% followed by Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (12.96% and 14.11%), Spinetoram 11.7% SC (13.28% and 14.70%), Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (14.71% and 16.35%), Flonicamid 50 WG (14.90% and 17.31%), Acephate 75 SP (15.74% and 17.65%) and Diafenthiuron 50 WP (16.39% and 19.61%) respectively as compared to control (water spray) with 20.75% and 24.75%. Benefit cost ratio was found highest in Chlorantraniliprole (1: 4.4) followed by Imidacloprid (1: 4.2), Emamectin benzoate (1: 4.2), Spinetoram (1: 3.4), Diafenthiuron (1: 3.3), Flonicamid (1: 3.3), Acephate (1: 3.1) and Control (1: 1.6).
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