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The changing dynamics of masculinity in a post-feminist world entails an analysis of the representations of boyhood and masculinity in varied temporalities and cultures. Primarily through the theories of Judith Butler, Raewyn Connell, and David Buchbinder, this article explores the problem of men and their social roles. It discusses the issue of double vulnerability faced by gay men in a patriarchal social dynamic that affects their identity construction. Through the spectacle of textual analysis, we examine Nemat Sadat's, The Carpet Weaver (2019), the tale of Kanishka, a gay boy living in a war-torn Afghanistan, and his migration to America, which aids in shaping his identity. We also examine the intersections of the masculine image within a political war zone, exploring the subject of gendered violence against men.

The present paper uses the propensity score matching (PSM) method to calculate the economic loss of arsenicosis-affected households. In contrast to prior studies, whose estimates of income loss were limited to labour-market sources, the PSM method controls for labour market and other sources of income, as well as demographic and educational factors, to identify losses from social discrimination. It first establishes that arsenicosis-affected households are subject to social discrimination, and then shows that this leads to a significant loss of expenditure. Second, it proves that overlooking social discrimination leads to an underestimation of income loss. The results have important implications, both for understanding the plight of arsenicosis-affected households and for cost–benefit calculations in the adoption of policies for fighting arsenic contamination.

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