Bioactive compounds refer to secondary metabolites extracted from plants, fungi, microbes, or animals. Besides having pharmacological or toxicological effects on organisms leading to utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries, the discovery of novel properties of such compounds has led to the diversification of their applications, ranging from cosmetics and functionalized biomaterials to bioremediation and alternate fuels. Conventional time-consuming and solvent-intensive methods of extraction are increasingly being replaced by green solvents such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids, and deep eutectic solvents, as well as non-conventional methods of extraction assisted by microwaves, pulse electric fields, enzymes, ultrasound, or pressure. These methods, along with advances in characterization and optimization strategies, have boosted the commercial viability of extraction especially from agrowastes and organic residues, promoting a sustainable circular economy. Further development of microfluidics, optimization models, nanoencapsulation, and metabolic engineering are expected to overcome certain limitations that restrict the growth of this field, in the context of improving screening, extraction, and economy of processes, as well as retaining biodiversity and enhancing the stability and functionality of such compounds. This review is a compilation of the various extraction and characterization methods employed for bioactive compounds and covers major applications in food, pharmacy, chemicals, energy, and bioremediation. Major limitations and scope of improvement are also discussed. Graphical abstract
However, the recent surge in cases has been precipitated by a novel Omicron XBB.1.16 variant, dubbed "Arcturus." 3 First detected from samples collected in January 2023, XBB.1.16 4 has rapidly spread to over 31 countries by late March 2023, 5 and is reported to have originated in India, where it is predominant and has replaced other strains of the virus. 3,6,7 Cases have also been reported in several parts of Europe, and countries such as Australia, Britain, Brunei (4.50%), 5 Canada, India (highest number of sequences globally at 32.47%), 5 Indonesia, Singapore (3.21%), 5 and the United States. [6][7][8][9] In the United States, the cases caused by XBB.1.16 strain sore from 0.21% in late February, to 3.96% in March, and 7.2% in mid-April 2023. 6 Owing to such an increase in cases, on March 22, 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) designated XBB.1.16 as a variant under monitoring status, and later as a variant of interest on April 17, 2023. 5 Nextstrain/Nextclade has promoted XBB.1.16 as a novel clade, 23B. 5 Currently, XBB.1.16 is one of the seven variants of SARS-CoV-2 currently being monitored. 6 Compared with the parental XBB.1.5 variant that bore the spike protein mutation, F486P, XBB.1.16 variant presents two additional mutations, viz. E180V and T478R, 2 as illustrated in
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