Influenza infection is serious and debilitating for humans and animals. The influenza virus undergoes incessant mutation, segment recombination, and genome reassortment. As a result, new epidemics and pandemics are expected to emerge, making the elimination challenging of the disease. Antiviral therapy has been used for the treatment of influenza since the development of amantadine in the 1960s; however, its use is hampered by the emergence of novel strains and the development of drug resistance. Thus, combinational therapy with two or more antivirals or immunomodulators with different modes of action is the optimal strategy for the effective treatment of influenza infection. In this review, we describe current options for combination therapy, their performance, and constraints imposed by resistance, calling attention to the advantages of combination therapy against severe influenza infections. We also discuss the challenges of influenza therapy and the limitations of approved antiviral drugs.
In this study various of thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized by treating different secondary amines through aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction (SNAr) followed by Suzuki reaction with aryl and heteroaryl boronic acids. A bis‐Suzuki coupling was also performed to generate bis‐aryl thienopyrimidine derivatives. The synthesized compounds were screened for the hydrolytic activity of h‐NTPdase1, h‐NTPdase2, h‐NTPdase3, and h‐NTPdase8. The compound N‐benzyl‐N‐methyl‐7‐phenylthieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐amine 3 j selectively inhibits the activity of h‐NTPdase1 with IC50 value of 0.62±0.02 μM whereas, the compound 4 d was the most potent inhibitor of h‐NTPdase2 with sub‐micromolar IC50 value of 0.33±0.09 μM. Similarly, compounds 4 c and 3 b were found to be selective inhibitors for isozymes h‐NTPdase3 (IC50=0.13±0.06 μM) and h‐NTPdase8 (IC50=0.32±0.10 μM), respectively. The molecular docking study of the compounds with the highest potency and selectivity revealed the interactions with the important amino acid residues.
The focal point of this research article is to examine the possible impact of macroeconomic variable like fiscal policies and monetary policies (interest rate) and inflation rates on stock market performance in Pakistan. The Pearson correlation and regression analysis techniques were applied. For this purpose monthly data have been used. The paper finds that the Pakistan stock market index is significantly affected by the fiscal policy, monetary policy and inflation. The results have shown that the interest rate and government revenue have a significant negative relationship with the stock market index in Pakistan, whereas the inflation rate and the government expenditures have a significant positive relationship with the stock market Index in Pakistan.
Using the strength of a single-valued neutrosophic set (SVNS) with the flexibility of a hesitant fuzzy set (HFS) yields a robust model named the single-valued neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set (SVNHFS). Due to the ability to utilize three independent indexes (truthness, indeterminacy, and falsity), an SVNHFS is an efficient model for optimization and computational intelligence (CI) as well as an intelligent decision support system (IDSS). Taking advantage of the flexibility of operational parameters in Dombi’s t-norm and t-conorm operations, new aggregation operators (AOs) are proposed, which are named the SVN fuzzy Dombi weighted averaging (SVNHFDWA) operator, SVN hesitant fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted averaging (SVNHFDOWA) operator, SVN hesitant fuzzy Dombi hybrid averaging (SVNHFDHWA) operator, SVN hesitant fuzzy Dombi weighted geometric (SVNHFDWG) operator, SVN hesitant fuzzy Dombi ordered weighted geometric (SVNHFDOWG) operator as well as SVN hesitant fuzzy Dombi hybrid weighted geometric (SVNHFDHWG) operator. The efficiency of these AOs is investigated in order to determine the best option using SVN hesitant fuzzy numbers (SVNHFNs) in an IDSS. Additionally, a practical application of SVNHFDWA and SVNHFDWG is also presented to examine symmetrical analysis in the selection of wireless charging station for vehicles.
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