Membrane integrity is critical for cell survival, defects of which cause pathological symptoms such as metabolic diseases. In this study, we used ethanol sensitivity of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to identify genetic factors involved in membrane integrity. In C. elegans, acute exposure to a high concentration (7% v/v) of ethanol changes membrane permeability, as measured by propidium iodide staining, and causes paralysis. We used the timing of complete paralysis as an indicator for alteration of membrane integrity in our genetic screen, and identified ptr-6 as a gene that confers ethanol resistance when mutated. PTR-6 is a patched-related protein and contains a sterol sensing domain. Inhibition of two PTR-encoding genes, ptr-15 and ptr-23, and mboa-1, encoding an Acyl Co-A: cholesterol acyltransferase homolog, restored ethanol sensitivity of the ptr-6 mutant, suggesting that these ptr genes and mboa-1 are involved in the maintenance of membrane integrity and permeability. Our results suggest that C. elegans can be used as a model system to identify factors involved in metabolic diseases and to screen for therapeutic drugs.KEYWORDS Caenorhabditis elegans; alcohol; Patched-related; membrane integrity P ROPER composition and organization of cellular membranes are important for signaling pathway, cell polarity, and membrane structural stability. Phospholipid composition and thus membrane integrity is often altered in Alzheimer's disease and metabolic diseases such as atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia (Gillies and Robinson 1988;Muller et al. 1990;Engelmann et al. 1992). Although changes in membrane integrity have been studied intensively in artificial membranes, isolated tissues, and unicellular organisms (Harrison and Vickers 1990;Jung and Levin 1999;Kusumi et al. 2005), the genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating membrane integrity at the multicellular organismal level are largely unknown.Under experimental conditions, membrane integrity can be altered by chemical stresses such as alcohols and detergents. Classical studies found that ethanol influences the fluidity of cell membranes (Chin and Goldstein 1977;Johnson et al. 1979;Dombek and Ingram 1984). Therefore, we reasoned that genetic screens using ethanol as a reagent to alter membrane integrity could lead to isolation of mutants involved in the regulation of membrane integrity. In previous studies, we established a genetic system to identify genes involved in the ethanol response of Caenorhabditis elegans and isolated ethanol-resistant mutants (Kwon et al. 2004;Hong et al. 2008). Realizing that our previous genetic screens might have uncovered mutants involved in the regulation of membrane integrity, we decided to revisit the previously isolated ethanol-resistant mutations. In this study, we analyze the previously isolated ys20 mutant, which we identify as a mutation in the ptr-6 gene. Through further genetic analysis, we propose that cholesterol metabolism is involved in membrane integrity. Our study suggests that the nematode C. elegans ...
Animals exhibit phenotypic plasticity through the interaction of genes with the environment, and little is known about the genetic factors that change synaptic function at different developmental stages. Here, we investigated the genetic determinants of how developmental stages alter synaptic transmission using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans enters the stress-resistant dauer larval stage under harsh conditions. Although dauer is known to have reduced permeability and increased resistance to most known exogenous chemicals, we discovered that dauer is hypersensitive to a cholinesterase inhibitor, aldicarb. To investigate genes regulating dauer-specific acetylcholine transduction, we first screened for aldicarb-resistant mutations in dauer and then performed a secondary screen to rule out aldicarb-resistant mutations that also affect adults. We isolated two different mutations of a single gene called cyp-34A4 or dach-1 encoding a cytochrome P450. In the non-dauer stages, dach-1 is mainly expressed in the intestine, but its expression is robustly increased in the epidermis of dauers. By tissue-specific rescue experiments, we found that dach-1 modulates aldicarb sensitivity in a cell non-autonomous manner. In addition, dach-1 plays pleiotropic functions in dauers by regulating quiescence and surviving heat shock and hyperosmolar stress. Our study reveals novel functions of the cytochrome P450 in synaptic and physiological changes during developmental plasticity.
Animals exhibit phenotypic plasticity through the interaction of genes with the environment, and little is known about the genetic factors that change synaptic function at different developmental stages. Here, we investigated the genetic determinants of how animal’s sensitivity to drugs that alter synaptic activity is regulated at a specific developmental stage using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans enters the stress-resistant dauer larval stage under harsh conditions. Although dauer is known to have reduced permeability and increased resistance to most known exogenous chemicals, we discovered that dauer is hypersensitive to a cholinesterase inhibitor, aldicarb. To investigate genes regulating dauer-specific acetylcholine transduction, we first screened for aldicarb-resistant mutations in dauer and then performed a secondary screen to rule out aldicarb-resistant mutations that also affect adults. We isolated two different mutations of a single gene called cyp-34A4 or dach-1 encoding a cytochrome P450. In the non-dauer stages, dach-1 is mainly expressed in the intestine, but its expression is robustly increased in the epidermis of dauers. By tissue-specific rescue experiments, we found that dach-1 modulates aldicarb sensitivity in a cell non-autonomous manner. In addition, dach-1 plays pleiotropic functions in dauers by regulating quiescence and surviving heat shock and hyperosmolar stress. Our study reveals novel functions of the cytochrome P450 in synaptic and physiological changes during developmental plasticity.
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