Efficient data dissemination is a big challenge for both IEEE 802.11p (MAC contentions problem) and cellular vehicle-to-everything communications (limited bandwidth in the high dense network). In this paper, a two-level clustering scheme is proposed for efficient data dissemination in 5G V2X communications. In the proposed protocol, level-1 cluster heads (L1CHs) are selected by a fuzzy logic algorithm using three factors, i.e., relative velocity factor, k-connectivity factor, and link reliability factor. The slide link vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) or the Third Generation Partnership Project V2V overcomes the MAC contention problem in L1CHs selections. Next, the level-2 cluster heads are selected by an improved Q-learning aiming to reduce the number of iterations in the gateway selection to LTE base station. The proposed scheme is evaluated under different network conditions showing that our protocol achieves good results compared to the existing schemes. INDEX TERMS Two level clustering, cluster head, connectivity, link reliability, efficient data dissemination.
The reliability, scalability, and stability of routing schemes are open challenges in highly evolving vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Cluster-based routing is an efficient solution to cope with the dynamic and inconsistent structure of VANETs. In this paper, we propose a cluster-based routing scheme (hereinafter referred to as connectivity-based clustering), where link connectivity is used as a metric for cluster formation and cluster head (CH) selection. Link connectivity is a function of vehicle density and transmission range in the proposed connectivity-based clustering scheme. Moreover, we used a heuristic approach of spectral clustering for the optimal number of cluster formation. Lastly, an appropriate vehicle is selected as a CH based on the maximum Eigen-centrality score. The simulation results show that the suggested connectivity-based clustering scheme performs well in the optimal number of cluster selections, strongly connected (STC) route selection, and route request messages (RRMs) in the discovery of a particular path to the destination. Thus, we conclude that link connectivity and the heuristic approach of spectral clustering are valuable additions to existing routing schemes for high evolving networks.
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