The correlation of engineering properties and mass of ash gourd seeds was explored by using models like linear, quadratic, S-curve, power, and multivariate. The recorded range of values for seed groups (group of large mass, medium mass, and small mass) was 92.77 to 34.07 g for thousand seed mass, 28.06 to 24.46 for angle of repose, 5.64 to 4.90 m/s for terminal velocity, 213.73 to 227.12 N/mm for hardness. Coefficient of static friction was found the highest for rubber (0.488) and the lowest for aluminum (0.305) for all sizes of seeds. The recommended models based on dimensions were linear, quadratic, and power models with R 2 = 0.997 based on arithmetic mean diameter for large mass seeds, power model (R 2 = 0.999) based on geometric mean diameter for medium mass seeds, quadratic and power models with same R 2 = 0.999 based on arithmetic mean diameter for small mass seeds. The recommended area-based models for large mass, medium mass, and small mass seeds were quadratic model (R 2 = 0.997) based on projected areas perpendicular to length, power model (R 2 = 0.999) based on projected areas perpendicular to thickness, and quadratic model (R 2 = 0.999) based on projected area's perpendicular thickness, respectively. For surface area-based models, quadratic model (R 2 = 0.997) for group of large mass, quadratic and power models (R 2 = 0.999) for group of medium mass, and quadratic model (R 2 = 0.999) for group of small mass were found to be acceptable. Models based on ellipsoid volume of seed were recommended for all groups. The properties studied and models explored (best fitted) may be used for process and equipment design. Practical Applications Ash gourd seeds are discarded as waste by ash gourd processing food industries (mainly Petha industries in the northern part of India). Seeds are rich in proteins, minerals and oil, the ash gourd seed oil is high in therapeutic value, as it is rich in phytonutrients such as vitamins (A and E), squalene, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Seeds are also rich in antibacterial and antifungal properties. This makes it highly valuable for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. The size of seed changes as the size of fruit changes and physical properties of seed depend on seed size. This study will give the knowledge of the properties of seeds, which help to design equipment for processing of seeds for various end products with the best quality. The explored models may be used for prediction of mass as per the size of seeds and help in understanding the processing operations.
Cucurbit seeds are highly nutritious but generally discarded as a waste by various processing sectors. This study aims to investigate the nutritional profile of seeds of ash gourd, pumpkin, watermelon and musk melon. The techniques, such as mineral, vitamin, amino acid and fatty acid profiling, will provide the nutritional status of the selected seed samples, while the antinutritional accounts will assess the safety of the food application. The thermal behavior of the seeds will guide the decision of the food application of the selected seeds. These seeds were found to be rich in protein and fat, minerals, vitamins and amino acids. The antinutritional compounds in the studied seeds were within the safety limits. Ash gourd seeds had the highest antioxidant activity at 85.11%, with the highest values of total phenols at 176.07 mg GAE/100 g and flavonoids at 159.16 mg QE/100 g. The peaks of the functional group at 3008 cm−1, 1651 cm−1, 1528 cm−1 and 1233 cm−1 denote the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and amide I, II and III, respectively. The thermal analysis of the seeds reviled that the seeds were thermally stable and could be used in product development. The surface morphology was attributed to the interaction of fat, protein and carbohydrates. The semicrystalline or amorphous nature of the seeds resulted in an A-type pattern in the XRD analysis. The results obtained here supports the food application of the selected seeds.
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