An inguinal hernia occurs when an intestinal loop or part of the omentum or genital organs passes into the scrotal cavity or labia through an incompletely obliterated processus vaginalis. Inguinal hernias are most common in preterm neonates, especially at 32-weeks gestation. Content of hernia is mostly bowel and ovary/testicles. Presence of uterus in herniated sac is rare, and only few cases are reported in literature. Hernia is more frequently located on the right side because the right processus vaginalis closes later than the left. Physical examination is sufficient to enable diagnosis in most cases. Ultrasound examination is indicated in patients with inconclusive physical findings, in patients with acute scrotum, and to investigate contralateral involvement in patients in whom only a unilateral hernia is clinically evident. Routinely, color or power Doppler imaging is used in inguinal-scrotal hernia to investigate intestinal and testicular/ovarian perfusion. Urgent surgery is indicated in patients with an akinetic dilated bowel loop (a sign of strangulation) or impaired testicular/ovarian perfusion.
Intracranial aneurysm in paediatric age group is rare and association of the aneurysm with congenital vertebral artery anomaly is further rarer. We describe such a case in an 11-year-old male patient who consulted a paediatrician about headache and vertigo, and a noncontrast CT (NCCT) head revealed peripherally calcified hyperdense mass in prepontine and basal cisterns. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) revealed partially thrombosed giant serpentine aneurysm of right vertebrobasilar artery and contralateral hypoplastic vertebral artery with fenestration. The nondominant left vertebral artery gave off the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, then became hypoplastic and joined with its counterpart to form the basilar artery. This pattern is called as type 9. The patient was kept on conservative management. The role of MRI in this congenital anomaly and its association with vertigo and aneurysm of vertebro-basilar artery is discussed.
Breast cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in females worldwide. Combating this, needs early detection of malignancy and prompt management. Various modalities available are-digital mammography +/tomosynthesis (DBT), ultrasound with colour Doppler and elastography, dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) with MRI being considered as the best. This study was done to compare efficacy of digital breast tomosynthesis and MRI breast in evaluation of palpable breast masses and other suspicious breast findings. Material and methods: A prospective study of 50 patients was carried out in the Department of Radio-diagnosis, Government Medical College, Kota [Rajasthan]. Females (20-72 years) with clinically palpable breast lump/nipple erosion/ nipple retraction/nipple discharge / for screening purposes / BI-RADS 3,4,5 were included. Cases on chemotherapy/ radiotherapy /post operative cases/recent biopsy done from the lesion/painful breast lesions/any contraindication to MRI /pregnant females/ BIRADS 1,2,6 were excluded. DBT and MRI was performed in each patient and results were correlated with histopathology. Results: Well circumscribed margins was most commonly associated with benignity Spiculated margins and gross architectural distortion(seen on both DBT and MRI), fine pleomorphic/grouped/linear/segmental/amorphous calcifications (seen on DBT),rim enhancement of mass with kinetic curve III, clumped/linear/segmental/focal non mass like enhancement (coinciding with calcifications on DBT), adjacent invasion and metastasis were associated with malignancy. Conclusion:Differentiation between benign and malignant lesions by DBT had 77.2% specificity with DCE-MRI having 95.45% specificity.Difference was statistically significant (Chi-square = 29.429 with 1 degree of freedom; P <0.001S).
Background: Trauma is a common and devastating insult to the spine and spinal cord with important long-term sequelae for the individual. Diagnostic imaging, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), plays a crucial role in evaluating and detecting spinal trauma. MRI is not only a diagnostic tool in spinal trauma but also a prognostic predictor. It is possible to predict the neurological outcome of the patients with different cord abnormalities. The objective of this study is to enumerate the cord findings in MRI in patients with spinal trauma and to correlate the findings with clinical profile and neurological outcome of the patients.Methods: A total of 50 cases of spinal trauma over a period of 1 year were included in the study. MRI of spine performed in patients with spinal trauma to see the cord findings. Detailed motor and sensory examination of the patient on admission and discharge was done and graded according to American Spinal Injury Association Scale (ASIA). Chi square test of significance (p<0.005) was used to assess the association between MR findings and clinical outcome.Results: In the study we observed that patients with cord haemorrhage and large cord oedema had initial high grade AIS and less chance of recovery with vice versa. Patients with presence of focus of haemorrhage had more severe grade of initial ASIA than those without haemorrhage with significantly more chances of retaining complete injury at follow up. Patients with edema less than 3cm improved on follow up examination.Conclusions: MRI is an excellent modality of imaging in the diagnosis of cord abnormalities in spinal trauma. The cord findings correlate with the neurological deficit of the patient on admission and discharge.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with spinal cord involvement (PRES-SCI) is a recently described entity with a handful of cases reported in literature. We describe a case of PRES in setting of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) with involvement of brain stem and spinal cord.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.