This paper shows that the private incentive for mix-and-match compatibility in system markets diverges from the social planner's incentive if competing suppliers are asymmetric in production cost or product quality. There can be too much or too little compatibility when the market is served by fully integrated system suppliers. Also, the market outcome involves socially too much incompatibility in the form of exclusive technological alliances when the market is composed of independent component suppliers. These results contrast with the standard one obtained in the symmetric setup and shed new light on public policy towards compatibility, technological alliances, and bundling practices in system markets.

Hypoxia and limited vascularization inhibit bone growth and recovery after surgical debridement to treat osteomyelitis. Similarly, despite significant efforts to create functional tissue-engineered organs, clinical success is often hindered by insufficient oxygen diffusion and poor vascularization. To overcome these shortcomings, we previously used the oxygen carrier perfluorooctane (PFO) to develop PFO emulsionloaded hollow microparticles (PFO-HPs). PFO-HPs act as a local oxygen source that increase cell viability and maintains the osteogenic differentiation potency of human periosteum-derived cells (hPDCs) under hypoxic conditions. In the present study, we used a miniature pig model of mandibular osteomyelitis to investigate bone regeneration using hPDCs seeded on PFO-HPs (hPDCs/PFO-HP) or hPDCs seeded on phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-HPs (hPDCs/PBS-HP). Osteomyelitis is characterized by a series of microbial invasion, vascular disruption, bony necrosis, and sequestrum formation due to impaired host defense response. Sequential plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), and 3D reconstructed CT images revealed new bone Sun-Chul Hwang and Dae Seok Hwang contributed equally to this work.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder. The present study investigated the effects of Amomum xanthioides extract (AXE) on AD‑like skin inflammation using a Dermatophagoides farinae extract (DFE) and 2,4‑dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)‑induced mouse AD model. Hematoxylin and eosin staining results demonstrated that repeated DFE/DNCB exposure markedly increased the thickening of the dermis and epidermis, in addition to the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells. However, oral administration of AXE reduced these histopathological alterations in a dose‑dependent manner. Elevated serum histamine, total and DFE‑specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), and IgG2a were also decreased by treatment with AXE. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) results demonstrated that the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interferon (IFN)‑γ, interleukin (IL)‑4, IL‑13, IL‑31 and IL‑17A was reduced in ear skin following AXE administration in AD mice. Fluorescence‑activated cell sorting demonstrated that the population of CD4+/IL‑4+, CD4+/IFN‑γ+ and CD4+/IL‑17A+ cells in draining lymph nodes was also significantly decreased in AXE‑treated mice compared with AD mice without AXE treatment. Furthermore, keratinocytes that were stimulated with TNF‑α and IFN‑γ exhibited increased gene expression of pro‑inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including TNF‑α, IL‑1β, IL‑6, IL‑8, C‑C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)17 and CCL22, as determined by RT‑qPCR. However, upregulation of these genes was reduced by AXE pretreatment. Based on these results, we hypothesize that AXE may be useful in the treatment of allergic skin inflammation, particularly AD.

storage and conversion, catalysis, fuel cell, supercapacitors, water, and air purification, and separation, nanostructured carbon materials have been efficiently utilized considering their large surface area, pore volume, high structural and mechanical stabilities, and good electrical conductivity. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Owing to the structural differences (hollow-, yolk-, and core-shell (do not contain void)), they could be appropriately used in required applications.Synthesis strategies for realizing nanostructured carbon materials have been representatively proposed by the surfactantdirecting co-assembly method. Wang et al. synthesized hierarchically porous carbon spheres with a yolk-shell structure using a new gradient sol-gel process combined with a surfactant-directed co-assembly for high-performance supercapacitors. [11] Particularly, the sizes of the yolk and shell were controlled by simply adjusting the amount of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). They found that yolk-shell carbon with hierarchical pore architectures exhibited a high performance with a high specific capacitance and good rate capabilities. Zhang et al. reported porous yolk-shell carbon sphere materials prepared via the extended Stober method. [12] Their morphologies, including the pore volume, specific surface area, and yolk ratio, could be well adjusted by controlling the TEOS concentration. These samples had different porosities and yolk ratios, which influenced the electrolyte wetting, K + diffusion distance, and reversible adsorption of K + in K-ion batteries (KIBs).Recently, highly porous yolk-shell carbon materials with nanostructures were utilized as reservoirs for ultrafine nanocrystals. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Hierarchical micro-and mesoporous carbon materials could infiltrate ultrasmall chalcogen (sulfur or selenium) components and be applied to cathode materials for lithium-chalcogen batteries. Chen et al. synthesized multishelled hollow carbon nanosphere-encapsulated sulfur composites with a high sulfur loading (86 wt%) using aqueous emulsions and in situ sulfur impregnation. [19] In addition, metal compound nanocrystals could be embedded into yolk-shell carbon materials during the carbonization process using metalorganic frameworks (MOFs). Wang et al. introduced a strategy Recently, nanostructured carbon materials, such as hollow-, yolk-, and coreshell-configuration, have attracted attention in various fields owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. Among them, yolk-shell structured carbon is considered as a noteworthy material for energy storage due to its fast electron transfer, structural robustness, and plentiful active reaction sites. However, the difficulty of the synthesis for controllable carbon yolk-shell has been raised as a limitation. In this study, novel synthesis strategy of nanostructured carbon yolk-shell microspheres that enable to control morphology and size of the yolk part is proposed for the first time. To apply in the appropriate field, cobalt...

We investigate private and social incentives for standardization to ensure marketwide system compatibility in a two-dimensional spatial competition model. We develop a new methodology to analyze competition on a torus and show that there is a fundamental conflict of interest between consumers and producers over the standardization decision. Consumers prefer standardization with full compatibility because it offers more variety that confers a better match with their ideal specifications. However, firms are likely to choose the minimal compatibility to maximize product differentiation and soften competition. This is in sharp contrast to the previous literature that shows the alignment of private and social incentives for compatibility.JEL Classification: D43, L13, L22