Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation may trigger cutaneous inflammatory responses by directly inducing epidermal keratinocytes to elaborate specific cytokines such as interleukin (IL-1) and IL-6. Because IL-1 is a potent inducer of IL-6, one may speculate that the release of IL-6 by keratinocytes after UV exposure is mediated via the release of IL-1 in an autocrine or paracrine manner. We demonstrated that UVB irradiation upregulated IL-1 alpha mRNA at a lower dose (15 mJ/cm2) and then downregulated IL-1 alpha mRNA expression at high doses (30-40 mJ/cm2). The kinetic profile of IL-1alpha mRNA expression showed a biphasic response, with the early increase by 1 h after UV exposure and the secondary increase at 6 h after UV. On the other hand, the expression of IL-6 mRNA was increased with increasing doses of UVB (0-45 m/J/cm2) and showed a single peak at 6 h post UV. These results may indicate that UVB radiation could regulate the expression of IL-1alpha and IL-6 mRNA in keratinocytes by different mechanisms. Our data show that anti-human IL-1alpha antibody inhibits UV-induced IL-6 production and mRNA expression in cultured keratinocytes. The addition of recombinant IL-1alpha to the medium increased IL-6 synthesis and augmented IL-6 production and mRNA expression in cultured human keratinocytes by UVB irradiation. These results support the hypothesis that UVB irradiation-enhanced IL-6 production and mRNA expression may be mediated by IL-1alpha.

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Background: Viral warts are a common infectious disease and liquid nitrogen cryotherapy is one of the most common methods for treatment of these warts. Hand-foot viral warts frequently recur and reduce quality of life as well. Objective: To find the ideal treatment interval between cryotherapy sessions that can influence not only the cure rate but also the recurrence rate for hand-foot viral warts. Methods: A retrospective study was designed to compare a 2 week interval and a 3 week interval between cryotherapy sessions on hand-foot viral warts with respect to cure rate, recurrence rate, treatment number, duration of treatment, mean time to recurrence and adverse events. Results: A total of 560 patients were enrolled. The overall cure rate was 75.7% and the recurrence rate was 19.6%. The mean time to recurrence was 7.8 months (range 1∼26 months). For the 2-week and 3-week groups, cure rates were, respectively, 76.6% (196) and 75.0% (228); recurrence rates were 13.3% (26) and 25.0% (57). The mean time to recurrence was 9.8 months and 6.9 months, respectively. Adverse events were not statistically different. Conclusion: We suggested that 2-week cryotherapy is optimal not only because of the rapid cure but also because of the lower recurrence rate and similar adverse events. (Ann Dermatol 23(1) 53∼60, 2011)

The 1,450-nm-diode laser treatment is a new, valuable treatment option for xanthelasma palpebrarum, offering relatively mild side effects. Studies including long term follow up and a comparison with alternative treatment modalities are necessary to further assess the clinical utility of this treatment. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.

Filler rhinoplasty is a simple and effective treatment modality producing outcomes comparable with surgical augmentation rhinoplasty. Among various anthropometric measurements, the nasal radix height was the most useful for evaluating dorsum augmentation, whereas the NLA was the best for nasal tip rotation.