A large-eddy simulation (LES) is performed for turbulent flow inside a combustion device. The combustion device is simplified as a cylinder with sudden expansion. To promote turbulent mixing and to accommodate flame stability, a flame holder is attached inside the combustion chamber. Emphasis is placed on the flow details with different geometries of the flame holder. The Smagorinsky model and the Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scale model are applied and tested. The simulation code is constructed using a general coordinate system based on the physical contravariant velocity components. The calculated Reynolds numbers are 5000 and 50 000 based on the bulk velocity and the diameter of the inlet pipe. The predicted turbulent statistics are evaluated by comparing with the experimental data, which are obtained by laser Doppler velocimetry. The agreement of the LES with the experimental data is shown to be satisfactory.
Large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent premixed flame stabilized by the bluff body is developed by using sub-grid scale combustion model based on the G-equation describing the flame front propagation. The basic idea of LES modeling is to evaluate the filtered-front speed, which should be enhanced in the grid scale by the scale fluctuations. The dynamic sub-grid scale models newly introduced into the G-equation are validated by the premixed combustion flow behind the triangle flame holder. The objective of this study is to investigate the validity of the dynamic sub-grid G-equation model to a complex turbulent premixed combustion such as bluff body stabilized turbulent premixed flames for realistic engineering application. A new turbulent flame speed model, introduced by the sub-grid turbulent diffusivity and the flame thickness, is also proposed and is compared with the usual model using sub-grid turbulent intensity and with the experimental data. The calculated results can predict the velocity and temperature of the combustion flow in good agreement with the experiment data.
The electrochemical sensing performance of metal-graphene hybrid based sensor may be significantly decreased due to the dissolution and aggregation of metal catalyst during operation. For the first time, we developed a novel large-area high quality three dimensional graphene foam-incorporated gold nanoparticles (3D-GF@Au) via chemical vapor deposition method and employed as free-standing electrocatalysis for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection. 3D-GF@Au based sensor is capable to detect glucose with a wide linear detection range of 2.5 μM to 11.6 mM, remarkable low detection limit of 1 μM, high selectivity, and good stability. This was resulted from enhanced electrochemical active sites and charge transfer possibility due to the stable and uniform distribution of Au NPs along with the enhanced interactions between Au and GF. The obtained results indicated that 3D-GF@Au hybrid can be expected as a high quality candidate for non-enzymatic glucose sensor application.
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